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735 <body class="article">
\r
737 <h1>RRQFORTH Reference Documentation</h1>
\r
738 <span id="author">Ralph Ronnquist <ralph.ronnquist@gmail.com></span><br />
\r
741 <div class="sect1">
\r
742 <h2 id="_word_index">Word Index</h2>
\r
743 <div class="sectionbody">
\r
744 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_lparen">( (left parenthesis)</a>  
\r
745 <a href="#p_colon">: (colon)</a>  
\r
746 <a href="#p_semicolon">: (semi-colon)</a>  
\r
747 <a href="#p_comma">, (comma)</a>  
\r
748 <a href="#p_dot">. (dot)</a>  
\r
749 <a href="#p_double_quote">" (double-quote)</a>  
\r
750 <a href="#p_quote">' (single-quote)</a>  
\r
751 <a href="#p_left_bracket">[ (left bracket)</a>  
\r
752 <a href="#p_right_bracket">] (right bracket)</a>  </p></div>
\r
753 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_lessthan"><</a>  
\r
754 <a href="#p_lessequal"><=</a>  
\r
755 <a href="#p_equal">=</a>  
\r
756 <a href="#p_unequal">!=</a>  
\r
757 <a href="#p_greaterthan">></a>  
\r
758 <a href="#p_greaterequal">>= </a>  
\r
759 <a href="#p_0equal">0=</a>  
\r
760 <a href="#p_0less">0<</a>  
\r
761 <a href="#p_minus">-</a>  
\r
762 <a href="#p_mult">*</a>  
\r
763 <a href="#p_plus">+</a>  
\r
764 <a href="#p_div">/</a>  
\r
765 <a href="#p_shift_left"><<</a>  
\r
766 <a href="#p_shift_right">>></a>  
\r
767 <a href="#p_shift_signed_right">s>></a>  
\r
768 <a href="#p_bracketed_quote">[']</a>  </p></div>
\r
769 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_get">@</a>  
\r
770 <a href="#p_put">!</a>  
\r
771 <a href="#p_Cget">C@</a>  
\r
772 <a href="#p_Cput">C!</a>  
\r
773 <a href="#p_2get">2@</a>  
\r
774 <a href="#p_2put">2!</a>  
\r
775 <a href="#p_put_plus">!+</a>  
\r
776 <a href="#p_get_n_increment">@n++</a>  
\r
777 <a href="#p_get_n_decrement">@n--</a>  
\r
778 <a href="#p_Ccomma">C,</a>  
\r
779 <a href="#p_literal_string">S"</a>  
\r
780 <a href="#p_gtR">>R</a>  
\r
781 <a href="#p_Rget">R@</a>  
\r
782 <a href="#p_Rgt">R></a>  
\r
783 <a href="#p_rbpn">R[n]</a>  </p></div>
\r
784 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#data_stack">DATA-STACK</a>  
\r
785 <a href="#return_stack">RETURN-STACK</a>  
\r
787 <a href="#p_branch">BRANCH</a>  
\r
788 <a href="#p_0branch">0BRANCH</a>  
\r
789 <a href="#p_1branch">1BRANCH</a>  
\r
791 <a href="#p_2drop">2DROP</a>  
\r
792 <a href="#p_2dup">2DUP</a>  
\r
793 <a href="#p_2over">2OVER</a>  
\r
794 <a href="#p_2swap">2SWAP</a>  </p></div>
\r
795 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_abs">ABS</a>  
\r
796 <a href="#p_again">AGAIN</a>  
\r
797 <a href="#p_allot">ALLOT</a>  
\r
798 <a href="#p_and">AND</a>  
\r
799 <a href="#inline_code">[ASM]</a>  </p></div>
\r
800 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_base">BASE</a>  
\r
801 <a href="#p_begin">BEGIN</a>  
\r
802 <a href="#p_break">BREAK</a>  </p></div>
\r
803 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_cfa2flags_get">CFA>FLAGS@</a>  
\r
804 <a href="#p_clear_stream">CLEAR-STREAM</a>  
\r
805 <a href="#p_create">CREATE</a>  
\r
806 <a href="#p_current_wordlist">CURRENT-WORDLIST</a>  </p></div>
\r
807 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_decimal">DECIMAL</a>  
\r
808 <a href="#p_depth">DEPTH</a>  
\r
809 <a href="#p_digits">DIGITS</a>  
\r
810 <a href="#p_divmod">/MOD</a>  
\r
811 <a href="#p_dfa2tfa">DFA>TFA</a>  
\r
812 <a href="#p_dodoes">doDOES</a>  
\r
813 <a href="#p_does">DOES></a>  
\r
814 <a href="#p_dofasm">doFASM</a>  
\r
815 <a href="#p_doforth">doFORTH</a>  
\r
816 <a href="#p_dostring">doSTRING</a>  
\r
817 <a href="#p_dovalue">doVALUE</a>  
\r
818 <a href="#p_dovariable">doVARIABLE</a>  
\r
819 <a href="#p_drop">DROP</a>  
\r
820 <a href="#p_dup">DUP</a>  </p></div>
\r
821 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_else">ELSE</a>  
\r
822 <a href="#p_emit">EMIT</a>  
\r
823 <a href="#p_end">END</a>  
\r
824 <a href="#p_erase">ERASE</a>  
\r
825 <a href="#p_evaluate_stream">EVALUATE-STREAM</a>  
\r
826 <a href="#p_execute">EXECUTE</a>  
\r
827 <a href="#p_exit">EXIT</a>  </p></div>
\r
828 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_false">FALSE</a>  
\r
829 <a href="#p_fdemit">FDEMIT</a>  
\r
830 <a href="#p_fdtell">FDTELL</a>  
\r
831 <a href="#p_find">FIND</a>  
\r
832 <a href="#p_forth">FORTH</a>  </p></div>
\r
833 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_here">HERE</a>  
\r
834 <a href="#p_hex">HEX</a>  </p></div>
\r
835 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_if">IF</a>  
\r
836 <a href="#p_ifagain">IFAGAIN</a>  
\r
837 <a href="#p_ifbreak">IFBREAK</a>  
\r
838 <a href="#p_immediate">IMMEDIATE</a>  
\r
839 <a href="#p_input">INPUT</a>  </p></div>
\r
840 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_literal">LIT</a>  
\r
841 <a href="#p_load_buffer_size">LOAD-BUFFER-SIZE</a>  
\r
842 <a href="#p_load_file">LOAD-FILE</a>  </p></div>
\r
843 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_args">MAIN-ARGS</a>  
\r
844 <a href="#p_malloc">MALLOC</a>  </p></div>
\r
845 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_negate">NEGATE</a>  
\r
846 <a href="#p_nip">NIP</a>  
\r
847 <a href="#p_nl">NL</a>  
\r
848 <a href="#p_not">NOT</a>  
\r
849 <a href="#p_number">NUMBER</a>  </p></div>
\r
850 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_open_file">OPEN-FILE</a>  
\r
851 <a href="#p_or">OR</a>  
\r
852 <a href="#p_over">OVER</a>  </p></div>
\r
853 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_pad">PAD</a>  
\r
854 <a href="#p_pick">PICK</a>  
\r
855 <a href="#p_program_version">PROGRAM_VERSION</a>  </p></div>
\r
856 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_quit">QUIT</a>  </p></div>
\r
857 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_read_stream_char">READ-STREAM-CHAR</a>  
\r
858 <a href="#p_read_word">READ-WORD</a>  
\r
859 <a href="#p_realloc">REALLOC</a>  
\r
860 <a href="#p_roll">ROLL</a>  
\r
861 <a href="#p_rot">ROT</a>  
\r
862 <a href="#p_rbp">RSP</a>  </p></div>
\r
863 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_sp">SP</a>  
\r
864 <a href="#p_state">STATE</a>  
\r
865 <a href="#p_stdin">STDIN</a>  
\r
866 <a href="#p_stream">STREAM</a>  
\r
867 <a href="#p_stream_nchars">STREAM-NCHARS</a>  
\r
868 <a href="#p_strlen">STRLEN</a>  
\r
869 <a href="#p_strncmp">STRNCMP</a>  
\r
870 <a href="#p_strncpy">STRNCPY</a>  
\r
871 <a href="#p_swap">SWAP</a>  
\r
872 <a href="#p_system">SYSTEM</a>  </p></div>
\r
873 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_tell">TELL</a>  
\r
874 <a href="#p_terminate0">TERMINATE0</a>  
\r
875 <a href="#p_tfa2cfa">TFA>CFA</a>  
\r
876 <a href="#p_tfa2dfa">TFA>DFA</a>  
\r
877 <a href="#p_tfa2flags_get">TFA>FLAGS@</a>  
\r
878 <a href="#p_tfa2namez">TFA>NAMEZ</a>  
\r
879 <a href="#p_then">THEN</a>  
\r
880 <a href="#p_this_word">THIS-WORD</a>  
\r
881 <a href="#p_true">TRUE</a>  
\r
882 <a href="#p_tuck">TUCK</a>  </p></div>
\r
883 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_unstream">UNSTREAM</a>  </p></div>
\r
884 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_verboseQ">VERBOSE?</a>  </p></div>
\r
885 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_within">WITHIN</a>  
\r
886 <a href="#p_words">WORDS</a>  </p></div>
\r
887 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_xor">XOR</a>  </p></div>
\r
888 <div class="paragraph"><p><a href="#p_calltrace">[calltrace]</a>  
\r
889 <a href="#p_setup_signals">[setup_signals]</a>  </p></div>
\r
892 <div class="sect1">
\r
893 <h2 id="_word_descriptions">Word Descriptions</h2>
\r
894 <div class="sectionbody">
\r
895 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="inline_code"></a></p></div>
\r
896 <div class="sect2">
\r
897 <h3 id="_word_asm">Word: [ASM]</h3>
\r
898 <div class="literalblock">
\r
899 <div class="content">
\r
900 <pre><code>data stack: ( -- )</code></pre>
\r
902 <div class="paragraph"><p>"[ASM]" is a function word that introduces inline assembly in an
\r
903 RRQFORTH definition. Such assembly code may return to subsequence
\r
904 RRQFORTH executon by means of the following instruction sequence:</p></div>
\r
905 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
906 <div class="content">
\r
907 <div class="listingblock">
\r
908 <div class="content">
\r
909 <pre><code> mov rsi,forthcode
\r
912 forthcode:</code></pre>
\r
915 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that the FORTH compiler does not invoke an assembler so any
\r
916 inline assembly code must be provided in its binary form.</p></div>
\r
917 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
918 _______________________________________________________
\r
920 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_0branch"></a></p></div>
\r
922 <div class="sect2">
\r
923 <h3 id="_word_0branch">Word: 0BRANCH</h3>
\r
924 <div class="literalblock">
\r
925 <div class="content">
\r
926 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v -- )</code></pre>
\r
928 <div class="paragraph"><p>"0BRANCH" is a function word that implements execution conditional by
\r
929 means of optionally adding the subsequent branch offset, or not, to
\r
930 the point of execution. If the value, v, is 0 then the branch offset
\r
931 is added, and otherwise execution continues with the cell following
\r
932 the branch offset in the definition.</p></div>
\r
933 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that the branch offset is a byte count and each FORTH word of a
\r
934 definition take up a cell of 8 bytes. The offset is relative to the
\r
935 cell address immediately subsequent to the offset cell. In other
\r
936 words, offset 0 is not branching anywhere and an offset of -16 would
\r
937 make a tight loop back to the branch instruction itself. The latter
\r
938 would pull data stack values until and including the first non-zero
\r
940 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="#p_1branch">1BRANCH</a>, <a href="#p_branch">BRANCH</a>, <a href="#p_if">IF</a>,
\r
941 <a href="#p_else">ELSE</a>, <a href="#p_ifbreak">IFBREAK</a> and <a href="#p_ifagain">IFAGAIN</a>.</p></div>
\r
942 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
943 _______________________________________________________
\r
945 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_0equal"></a></p></div>
\r
947 <div class="sect2">
\r
948 <h3 id="_word_0">Word: 0=</h3>
\r
949 <div class="literalblock">
\r
950 <div class="content">
\r
951 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v -- 0/-1 )</code></pre>
\r
953 <div class="paragraph"><p>"0=" is a function word that replaces a value with its logical
\r
954 complement; the result is zero if the value non-zero, and the result
\r
955 is non-zero if the value is zero.</p></div>
\r
956 <div class="paragraph"><p>This is the same function as <a href="#p_not">NOT</a>.</p></div>
\r
957 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
958 _______________________________________________________
\r
960 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_0less"></a></p></div>
\r
962 <div class="sect2">
\r
963 <h3 id="_word_0_lt">Word: 0<</h3>
\r
964 <div class="literalblock">
\r
965 <div class="content">
\r
966 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v -- 0/-1 )</code></pre>
\r
968 <div class="paragraph"><p>"0<" is a function word that replaces a value with -1 if the value is
\r
969 less than 0, and 0 otherwise.</p></div>
\r
970 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
971 <div class="content">
\r
972 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
973 <div class="content">
\r
974 <div class="title">Definition concept for 0<</div>
\r
975 <div class="paragraph"><p>( v — 0/1 ) : 0= 0 SWAP < ;</p></div>
\r
978 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="#p_swap">SWAP</a> and <a href="#p_lessthan"><</a>.</p></div>
\r
979 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
980 _______________________________________________________
\r
982 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_1branch"></a></p></div>
\r
984 <div class="sect2">
\r
985 <h3 id="_word_1branch">Word: 1BRANCH</h3>
\r
986 <div class="literalblock">
\r
987 <div class="content">
\r
988 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v -- )</code></pre>
\r
990 <div class="paragraph"><p>"1BRANCH" is a function word that implements execution conditional by
\r
991 means of optionally adding the subsequent branch offset, or not, to
\r
992 the point of execution. If the value, v, is non-zero then the branch
\r
993 offset is added, and otherwise execution continues with the cell
\r
994 following the branch offset in the definition.</p></div>
\r
995 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that the branch offset is a byte count and each FORTH word of a
\r
996 definition take up a cell of 8 bytes. The offset is relative to the
\r
997 cell address immediately subsequent to the offset cell. In other
\r
998 words, offset 0 is not branching anywhere and an offset of -16 would
\r
999 make a tight loop back to the branch instruction itself. The latter
\r
1000 would pull data stack values until and including the first zero value.</p></div>
\r
1001 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="#p_0branch">0BRANCH</a>, <a href="#p_branch">BRANCH</a>, <a href="#p_if">IF</a>,
\r
1002 <a href="#p_else">ELSE</a>, <a href="#p_ifbreak">IFBREAK</a> and <a href="#p_ifagain">IFAGAIN</a>.</p></div>
\r
1003 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1004 _______________________________________________________
\r
1006 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_2drop"></a></p></div>
\r
1008 <div class="sect2">
\r
1009 <h3 id="_word_2drop">Word: 2DROP</h3>
\r
1010 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1011 <div class="content">
\r
1012 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- )</code></pre>
\r
1014 <div class="paragraph"><p>"2DROP" is a function word that plainly discards the top 2 cells from
\r
1015 the data stack.</p></div>
\r
1016 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1017 _______________________________________________________
\r
1019 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_2dup"></a></p></div>
\r
1021 <div class="sect2">
\r
1022 <h3 id="_word_2dup">Word: 2DUP</h3>
\r
1023 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1024 <div class="content">
\r
1025 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- v1 v2 v1 v2 )</code></pre>
\r
1027 <div class="paragraph"><p>"2DUP" is a function word that duplicates the top 2 cells on the data
\r
1029 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1030 <div class="content">
\r
1031 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
1032 <div class="content">
\r
1033 <div class="title">Definition concept for 2DUP</div>
\r
1034 <div class="paragraph"><p>( v1 v2 — v1 v2 v1 v2 ) : 2DUP OVER OVER ;</p></div>
\r
1037 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1038 _______________________________________________________
\r
1040 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_2get"></a></p></div>
\r
1042 <div class="sect2">
\r
1043 <h3 id="_word_2">Word: 2@</h3>
\r
1044 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1045 <div class="content">
\r
1046 <pre><code>Data stack: ( a -- v2 v1 )</code></pre>
\r
1048 <div class="paragraph"><p>"2@" is a function word that pushes the two concecutive values v1 and
\r
1049 v2 from the address a onto the data stack. Value v1 is from address a
\r
1050 and value v2 is from address a + 8.</p></div>
\r
1051 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1052 _______________________________________________________
\r
1054 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_2over"></a></p></div>
\r
1056 <div class="sect2">
\r
1057 <h3 id="_word_2over">Word: 2OVER</h3>
\r
1058 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1059 <div class="content">
\r
1060 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 v3 v4 -- v1 v2 v3 v4 v1 v2 )</code></pre>
\r
1062 <div class="paragraph"><p>"2OVER" is a function word that replicates the second duble-cell pair
\r
1063 onto the top of the data stack. This is similar to <a href="#p_over">OVER</a> but
\r
1064 working with cell pairs rather than single cells.</p></div>
\r
1065 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1066 <div class="content">
\r
1067 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
1068 <div class="content">
\r
1069 <div class="title">Definition concept for 2OVER</div>
\r
1070 <div class="paragraph"><p>( v1 v2 v3 v4 — v1 v2 v3 v4 v1 v2 ) : 2OVER 3 PICK 3 PICK ;</p></div>
\r
1073 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1074 _______________________________________________________
\r
1076 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_2put"></a></p></div>
\r
1078 <div class="sect2">
\r
1079 <h3 id="_word_2_2">Word: 2!</h3>
\r
1080 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1081 <div class="content">
\r
1082 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v2 v1 a -- )</code></pre>
\r
1084 <div class="paragraph"><p>"2!" is a function word that stors two concecutive values v1 and v2 to
\r
1085 the address a from the data stack. Value v1 is stored at address a and
\r
1086 value v2 is stored at address a + 8.</p></div>
\r
1087 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1088 _______________________________________________________
\r
1090 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_2swap"></a></p></div>
\r
1092 <div class="sect2">
\r
1093 <h3 id="_word_2swap">Word: 2SWAP</h3>
\r
1094 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1095 <div class="content">
\r
1096 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 v3 v4 -- v3 v4 v1 v2 )</code></pre>
\r
1098 <div class="paragraph"><p>"2SWAP" is a function word the reorgnizes the top 4 cells swappping
\r
1099 the upper and lower pair. This is similar to <a href="#p_swap">SWAP</a> but
\r
1100 working with cell pairs rather than single cells.</p></div>
\r
1101 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1102 <div class="content">
\r
1103 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
1104 <div class="content">
\r
1105 <div class="title">Definition concept for 2SWAP</div>
\r
1106 <div class="paragraph"><p>( v1 v2 v3 v4 — v3 v4 v1 v2 ) : 2SWAP 3 ROLL 3 ROLL ;</p></div>
\r
1109 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1110 _______________________________________________________
\r
1112 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_Ccomma"></a></p></div>
\r
1114 <div class="sect2">
\r
1115 <h3 id="_word_c">Word: C,</h3>
\r
1116 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1117 <div class="content">
\r
1118 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v -- )</code></pre>
\r
1120 <div class="paragraph"><p>"C," (C-comma) is a function word that puts a byte on the
\r
1121 <a href="#p_here">HERE</a> heap. The least significant byte of the value is put
\r
1122 at the current free head address, which also is incremented.</p></div>
\r
1123 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1124 <div class="content">
\r
1125 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
1126 <div class="content">
\r
1127 <div class="title">Definition concept for C,</div>
\r
1128 <div class="paragraph"><p>: C, HERE @ 1 ALLOT C! ; ( v — ; Claim 1 byte and put lsb value there )</p></div>
\r
1131 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="#p_colon">:</a>, <a href="#p_comma">[p_comma]</a>. <a href="#p_here">HERE</a>, <a href="#p_get">@</a>,
\r
1132 <a href="#p_allot">ALLOT</a>, <a href="#p_Cput">C!</a> and <a href="#p_semicolon">;</a>.</p></div>
\r
1133 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1134 _______________________________________________________
\r
1136 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_Cget"></a></p></div>
\r
1138 <div class="sect2">
\r
1139 <h3 id="_word_c_2">Word: C@</h3>
\r
1140 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1141 <div class="content">
\r
1142 <pre><code>Data stack: ( a -- v )</code></pre>
\r
1144 <div class="paragraph"><p>"C@" is a function word that pushes the byte value v from the address a.</p></div>
\r
1145 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1146 _______________________________________________________
\r
1148 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_Cput"></a></p></div>
\r
1150 <div class="sect2">
\r
1151 <h3 id="_word_c_3">Word: C!</h3>
\r
1152 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1153 <div class="content">
\r
1154 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v a -- )</code></pre>
\r
1156 <div class="paragraph"><p>"C!" is a function word that stores the byte value v (the least
\r
1157 significant byte of the cell) at the address a.</p></div>
\r
1158 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1159 _______________________________________________________
\r
1161 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_Rget"></a></p></div>
\r
1163 <div class="sect2">
\r
1164 <h3 id="_word_r">Word: R@</h3>
\r
1165 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1166 <div class="content">
\r
1167 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- v ) Return stack: ( v -- v )</code></pre>
\r
1169 <div class="paragraph"><p>"R@" is a function word that "copies" the top return stack value onto
\r
1170 the data stack.</p></div>
\r
1171 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1172 _______________________________________________________
\r
1174 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_Rgt"></a></p></div>
\r
1176 <div class="sect2">
\r
1177 <h3 id="_word_r_gt">Word: R></h3>
\r
1178 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1179 <div class="content">
\r
1180 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- v ) Return stack: ( v -- )</code></pre>
\r
1182 <div class="paragraph"><p>"R>" is a function word that "moves" the top return stack value onto
\r
1183 the data stack.</p></div>
\r
1184 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1185 _______________________________________________________
\r
1187 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_abs"></a></p></div>
\r
1189 <div class="sect2">
\r
1190 <h3 id="_word_abs">Word: ABS</h3>
\r
1191 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1192 <div class="content">
\r
1193 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 -- v2 )</code></pre>
\r
1195 <div class="paragraph"><p>"ABS" is a function word that replaces a value with its absolute
\r
1196 value. To that end, the values are 64-bit signed integers.</p></div>
\r
1197 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1198 _______________________________________________________
\r
1200 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_again"></a></p></div>
\r
1202 <div class="sect2">
\r
1203 <h3 id="_word_again">Word: AGAIN</h3>
\r
1204 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1205 <div class="content">
\r
1206 <pre><code>Data stack: Compiling: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
1208 <div class="paragraph"><p>"AGAIN" is an immediate function word that is used together with
\r
1209 <a href="#p_begin">BEGIN</a> and instead of <a href="#p_end">END</a> to implement structured
\r
1210 execution control. AGAIN scans the datastack for the nearest preceding
\r
1211 BEGIN marker and lays out an unconditional branch from this point the
\r
1212 beginning of the block during execution. It thereafter performs the
\r
1213 <a href="#p_end">END</a> compile action to end the block.</p></div>
\r
1214 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1215 _______________________________________________________
\r
1217 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_allot"></a></p></div>
\r
1219 <div class="sect2">
\r
1220 <h3 id="_word_allot">Word: ALLOT</h3>
\r
1221 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1222 <div class="content">
\r
1223 <pre><code>Data stack: ( n -- )</code></pre>
\r
1225 <div class="paragraph"><p>"ALLOT" is a function word that merely increments the <a href="#p_here">HERE</a>
\r
1226 variable with <code>n</code> so as to claim that amount of the heap.</p></div>
\r
1227 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1228 <div class="content">
\r
1229 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
1230 <div class="content">
\r
1231 <div class="title">Defintion concept for ALLOT</div>
\r
1232 <div class="paragraph"><p>( n — ) : ALLOT HERE @ + HERE ! ;</p></div>
\r
1235 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1236 <div class="content">
\r
1237 <div class="paragraph"><div class="title">Usage example 1: claim 16 bytes for variable FOO</div><p>CREATE FOO DROP HERE @ 16 ALLOT</p></div>
\r
1239 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1240 _______________________________________________________
\r
1242 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_and"></a></p></div>
\r
1244 <div class="sect2">
\r
1245 <h3 id="_word_and">Word: AND</h3>
\r
1246 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1247 <div class="content">
\r
1248 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- v3 )</code></pre>
\r
1250 <div class="paragraph"><p>"AND" is a function word that replaces a value pair with their bitwise
\r
1251 conjunction; each bit is 1 if the corresponding bits of both operands
\r
1252 are 1 and 0 if not.</p></div>
\r
1253 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1254 _______________________________________________________
\r
1256 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_args"></a></p></div>
\r
1258 <div class="sect2">
\r
1259 <h3 id="_word_main_args">Word: MAIN-ARGS</h3>
\r
1260 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1261 <div class="content">
\r
1262 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- p[argv** argc] )</code></pre>
\r
1264 <div class="paragraph"><p>"ARGS" is a value word that holds a pointer to the command line data
\r
1265 block which consists of a count cell followed by that many asciiz
\r
1266 pointers and then a 0 cell.</p></div>
\r
1267 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1268 <div class="content">
\r
1269 <div class="listingblock">
\r
1270 <div class="title">Usage example 2: the command line argument block</div>
\r
1271 <div class="content">
\r
1272 <pre><code>ARGS -> 8 bytes: count of non-zero asciiz pointers following
\r
1273 8 bytes: command name string
\r
1274 8 bytes: first argument string
\r
1276 8 zero</code></pre>
\r
1279 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1280 _______________________________________________________
\r
1282 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_base"></a></p></div>
\r
1284 <div class="sect2">
\r
1285 <h3 id="_word_base">Word: BASE</h3>
\r
1286 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1287 <div class="content">
\r
1288 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
1290 <div class="paragraph"><p>"BASE" is a variable word for the numerical base used by input and
\r
1291 output functions, <a href="#p_number">NUMBER</a> and <a href="#p_dot">[p_dot]</a>, when
\r
1292 translating numbers between cell value form and text form. The
\r
1293 numerical base is set to 10 or 16 by <a href="#p_decimal">DECIMAL</a> and
\r
1294 <a href="#p_hex">HEX</a> respectively, and those are the only two bases currently
\r
1295 supported.</p></div>
\r
1296 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="#p_digits">DIGITS</a>, which holds the mapping table from
\r
1297 digits to text.</p></div>
\r
1298 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1299 _______________________________________________________
\r
1301 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_begin"></a></p></div>
\r
1303 <div class="sect2">
\r
1304 <h3 id="_word_begin">Word: BEGIN</h3>
\r
1305 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1306 <div class="content">
\r
1307 <pre><code>Data stack: Compiling: ( -- a 0 )</code></pre>
\r
1309 <div class="paragraph"><p>"BEGIN" is an immediate function word that is used together with
\r
1310 <a href="#p_ifbreak">IFBREAK</a>, <a href="#p_ifagain">IFAGAIN</a> and <a href="#p_end">END</a> to
\r
1311 implement structured execution control. BEGIN simply places the
\r
1312 address for resolving branches back to this point during execution,
\r
1313 and then a 0 as a marker so as to allow for an unknown number of block
\r
1314 exit points.</p></div>
\r
1315 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1316 <div class="content">
\r
1317 <div class="listingblock">
\r
1318 <div class="title">Usage example 3:</div>
\r
1319 <div class="content">
\r
1320 <pre><code>: WTELL ( tfa -- ; Print word pname )
\r
1321 24 + DUP 8 + SWAP @ TELL SP EMIT
\r
1324 : WORDS ( wordlist -- ; Print all words of word list )
\r
1334 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1335 _______________________________________________________
\r
1337 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_bracketed_quote"></a></p></div>
\r
1339 <div class="sect2">
\r
1340 <h3 id="_word">Word: [']</h3>
\r
1341 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1342 <div class="content">
\r
1343 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- cfa ) Input stream: word</code></pre>
\r
1345 <div class="paragraph"><p>"[']" is an immediate function word that reads the next word on the
\r
1346 input stream and pushes its cfa.</p></div>
\r
1347 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1348 <div class="content">
\r
1349 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
1350 <div class="content">
\r
1351 <div class="title">Definition concept for [']</div>
\r
1352 <div class="paragraph"><p>: ['] IMMEDIATE ' ;</p></div>
\r
1355 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1356 _______________________________________________________
\r
1358 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_branch"></a></p></div>
\r
1360 <div class="sect2">
\r
1361 <h3 id="_word_branch">Word: BRANCH</h3>
\r
1362 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1363 <div class="content">
\r
1364 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- )</code></pre>
\r
1366 <div class="paragraph"><p>"BRANCH" is a function word that implements execution transfer by
\r
1367 means of adding the subsequent branch offset to the point of
\r
1368 execution.</p></div>
\r
1369 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that the branch offset is a byte count and each FORTH word of a
\r
1370 definition take up a cell of 8 bytes. The offset is relative to the
\r
1371 cell address immediately subsequent to the offset cell. In other
\r
1372 words, offset 0 is not branching anywhere and an offset of -16 would
\r
1373 make a tight loop back to the branch instruction itself. The latter
\r
1374 would pull data stack values until and including the first zero value.</p></div>
\r
1375 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="#p_0branch">0BRANCH</a>, <a href="#p_1branch">1BRANCH</a>, <a href="#p_if">IF</a>,
\r
1376 <a href="#p_else">ELSE</a>, <a href="#p_ifbreak">IFBREAK</a> and <a href="#p_ifagain">IFAGAIN</a>.</p></div>
\r
1377 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1378 _______________________________________________________
\r
1380 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_break"></a></p></div>
\r
1382 <div class="sect2">
\r
1383 <h3 id="_word_break">Word: BREAK</h3>
\r
1384 <div class="paragraph"><p>"BREAK" is an immediate function word that lays out an unconditional
\r
1385 branch out of an enclosing xef:p_begin[BEGIN]-<a href="#p_end">END</a> block.
\r
1386 Similar to <a href="#p_ifbreak">IFBREAK</a> it lays out the branch cell
\r
1387 followed by a reserved cell for the branch offset, and inserts the
\r
1388 resolution address just above the required 0 on the data stack.</p></div>
\r
1389 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1390 <div class="content">
\r
1391 <div class="listingblock">
\r
1392 <div class="title">Usage example 4: unconditional break with a condition.</div>
\r
1393 <div class="content">
\r
1394 <pre><code>: WTELL ( tfa -- ; Print word pname )
\r
1395 24 + DUP 8 + SWAP @ TELL SP EMIT
\r
1398 : WORDS ( wordlist -- ; Print all words of word list )
\r
1400 @ DUP IF DUP WTELL ELSE BREAK THEN
\r
1408 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="#p_branch">BRANCH</a>, <a href="#p_0branch">0BRANCH</a>,
\r
1409 <a href="#p_1branch">1BRANCH</a>, <a href="#p_if">IF</a>, <a href="#p_else">ELSE</a>,
\r
1410 <a href="#p_ifbreak">IFBREAK</a> and <a href="#p_ifagain">IFAGAIN</a>.</p></div>
\r
1411 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1412 _______________________________________________________
\r
1414 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_calltrace"></a></p></div>
\r
1416 <div class="sect2">
\r
1417 <h3 id="_word_calltrace">Word: [calltrace]</h3>
\r
1418 <div class="paragraph"><p>"[calltrace]" is a variable word that ccontains a small assembly
\r
1419 snippet that may be used for debugging when running under <code>gdb</code>.</p></div>
\r
1420 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1421 _______________________________________________________
\r
1423 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_cfa2flags_get"></a></p></div>
\r
1425 <div class="sect2">
\r
1426 <h3 id="_word_cfa_gt_flags">Word: CFA>FLAGS@</h3>
\r
1427 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1428 <div class="content">
\r
1429 <pre><code>Data stack: ( cfa -- flags )</code></pre>
\r
1431 <div class="paragraph"><p>"CFA>FLAGS@" is a function word that pushes word flags of the given cfa.</p></div>
\r
1432 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1433 <div class="content">
\r
1434 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
1435 <div class="content">
\r
1436 <div class="title">Defintion concept for CFA>FLAGS@</div>
\r
1437 <div class="paragraph"><p>: CFA>FLAGS@ 16 - @ 16 + ;</p></div>
\r
1440 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1441 _______________________________________________________
\r
1443 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_clear_stream"></a></p></div>
\r
1445 <div class="sect2">
\r
1446 <h3 id="_word_clear_stream">Word: CLEAR-STREAM</h3>
\r
1447 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1448 <div class="content">
\r
1449 <pre><code>Data stack: ( stream -- )</code></pre>
\r
1451 <div class="paragraph"><p>"CLEAR-STREAM" is a function word that discards whatever is currently
\r
1452 remaining in the buffer for the stream, so that a subsequent read will
\r
1453 pull in more data from its source.</p></div>
\r
1454 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="#p_read_stream_char">READ-STREAM-CHAR</a>.</p></div>
\r
1455 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1456 _______________________________________________________
\r
1458 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_colon"></a></p></div>
\r
1460 <div class="sect2">
\r
1461 <h3 id="_word_3">Word: :</h3>
\r
1462 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1463 <div class="content">
\r
1464 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- ) Input stream: word</code></pre>
\r
1466 <div class="paragraph"><p>":" (colon) is a function word that starts a new forth definition.
\r
1467 This includes reading the next word for making a new dictionary entry
\r
1468 and setting evaluation state to compiling mode.</p></div>
\r
1469 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1470 <div class="content">
\r
1471 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
1472 <div class="content">
\r
1473 <div class="title">Definition concept for :</div>
\r
1474 <div class="paragraph"><p>: : doFORTH READ-WORD CREATE TFA>CFA ! ] ;</p></div>
\r
1477 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="#p_doforth">doFORTH</a>, <a href="#p_read_word">READ-WORD</a>,
\r
1478 <a href="#p_create">CREATE</a>, <a href="#p_tfa2cfa">TFA>CFA</a>, <a href="#p_put">!</a>,
\r
1479 <a href="#p_left_bracket">]</a> and <a href="#p_semicolon">;</a>.</p></div>
\r
1480 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1481 _______________________________________________________
\r
1483 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_comma"></a></p></div>
\r
1485 <div class="sect2">
\r
1486 <h3 id="_word_4">Word: ,</h3>
\r
1487 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1488 <div class="content">
\r
1489 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v -- )</code></pre>
\r
1491 <div class="paragraph"><p>"," (comma) is a function word that puts a cell value on the
\r
1492 <a href="#p_here">HERE</a> heap.</p></div>
\r
1493 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1494 <div class="content">
\r
1495 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
1496 <div class="content">
\r
1497 <div class="title">Definition concept for ,</div>
\r
1498 <div class="paragraph"><p>: , HERE @ 8 ALLOT ! ; ( v — ; Claim 8 bytes and put value there )</p></div>
\r
1501 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="#p_colon">:</a>, <a href="#p_Ccomma">[p_Ccomma]</a>. <a href="#p_here">HERE</a>, <a href="#p_get">@</a>,
\r
1502 <a href="#p_allot">ALLOT</a>, <a href="#p_put">!</a> and <a href="#p_semicolon">;</a>.</p></div>
\r
1503 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1504 _______________________________________________________
\r
1506 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_create"></a></p></div>
\r
1508 <div class="sect2">
\r
1509 <h3 id="_word_create">Word: CREATE</h3>
\r
1510 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1511 <div class="content">
\r
1512 <pre><code>Data stack: ( char* n -- tfa )</code></pre>
\r
1514 <div class="paragraph"><p>"CREATE" is a function word that allocates a "word header" with the
\r
1515 indicated [n:char*] print name, and returns the "TFA" (Token Field
\r
1516 Address) of the word. The header memory layout is as follows:</p></div>
\r
1517 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1518 <div class="content">
\r
1519 <div class="listingblock">
\r
1520 <div class="title">Layout 1: rrqforth word structure</div>
\r
1521 <div class="content">
\r
1522 <pre><code>struct WORD
\r
1523 TFA 8 link ; tfa of previous word
\r
1524 pCFA 8 cfap ; CFA = Code Field Address of this word
\r
1526 PFA 8 length ; length of pname representation
\r
1527 ? pname ; the pname bytes
\r
1528 1 nul ; a forced nul byte following the pname
\r
1529 pTFA 8 tfap ; TFA = Token Field Address of this word
\r
1530 OFF 8 doff ; entry offset for FORTH level execution
\r
1531 CFA 8 doer ; word execution semantics
\r
1532 DFA 0 content ; DFA = Data Field Address
\r
1533 end_struct</code></pre>
\r
1536 <div class="paragraph"><p>A "word" is generally understod as a marker in memory for some content
\r
1537 as held in the memory space following the DFA (Data Field Address).</p></div>
\r
1538 <div class="paragraph"><p>The words CFA (Code Field Address) is the most important field for
\r
1539 RRQFORTH execution, as holding a jump address to the assembly code
\r
1540 that implements the particular execution semantics for the word.
\r
1541 "CREATE" will assign this as "dovariable", which makes the word push
\r
1542 its DFA when executed. This is changed to "doforth" for RRQFORTH
\r
1543 function words initiated by ":" (aka "COLON") or changed to "dovalue"
\r
1544 for RRQFORTH constants created by "CONSTANT".</p></div>
\r
1545 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1546 <div class="content">
\r
1547 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
1548 <div class="content">
\r
1549 <div class="title">Definition concept for CREATE</div>
\r
1550 <div class="paragraph"><p>HERE @ R> ( save tfa on RS )
\r
1551 R@ CURRENT-WORD @ DUP @ , ! ( link in a new word )
\r
1552 DUP 49 + R@ + , ( pCFA )
\r
1555 HERE @ ROT ROT MEMCPY 0 C, ( pname + NUL )
\r
1558 doVARIABLE ( CFA, default semantics )</p></div>
\r
1561 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1562 <div class="content">
\r
1563 <div class="listingblock">
\r
1564 <div class="title">Usage example 5: a possible definition of CONSTANT</div>
\r
1565 <div class="content">
\r
1566 <pre><code>: CONSTANT READ-WORD CREATE TFA>DFA doVALUE OVER 8 - ! ! ;</code></pre>
\r
1569 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="#p_put">!</a>, <a href="#p_plus">+</a>, <a href="#p_comma">[p_comma]</a>, <a href="#p_get">@</a>,
\r
1570 <a href="#p_Ccomma">[p_Ccomma]</a>, <a href="#p_current_word">CURRENT-WORD</a>, <a href="#p_dup">DUP</a>,
\r
1571 <a href="#p_here">HERE</a>, <a href="#p_herememcpy">HERE</a>, <a href="#p_Rget">R@</a>, <a href="#p_rot">ROT</a>,
\r
1572 and <a href="#p_dovariable">doVARIABLE</a>,
\r
1573 as well as <a href="#p_execute">EXECUTE</a>
\r
1574 about the range of "doer" assignments and their meanings.</p></div>
\r
1575 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1576 _______________________________________________________
\r
1578 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_current_wordlist"></a></p></div>
\r
1580 <div class="sect2">
\r
1581 <h3 id="_word_current_wordlist">Word: CURRENT-WORDLIST</h3>
\r
1582 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1583 <div class="content">
\r
1584 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
1586 <div class="paragraph"><p>"CURRENT-WORDLIST" is a variable word that points out the DFA of the
\r
1587 current word list word for <a href="#p_find">FIND</a> to use finding words. The
\r
1588 word list word content is as follows:</p></div>
\r
1589 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1590 <div class="content">
\r
1591 <div class="listingblock">
\r
1592 <div class="title">Layout 2: word list word content</div>
\r
1593 <div class="content">
\r
1594 <pre><code> 8 TFA of latest word in the word list
\r
1595 8 DFA of the/a subsequent word list to search through</code></pre>
\r
1598 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that word lists are chained by "extension" and in general it ends
\r
1599 with the <a href="#p_forth">FORTH</a> word list. Initially the
\r
1600 <a href="#p_system">SYSTEM</a> word list is the only other word list.</p></div>
\r
1601 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1602 _______________________________________________________
\r
1604 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="data_stack"></a></p></div>
\r
1606 <div class="sect2">
\r
1607 <h3 id="_word_data_stack">Word: DATA-STACK</h3>
\r
1608 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1609 <div class="content">
\r
1610 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
1612 <div class="paragraph"><p>"DATA-STACK" is a variable word that harbours the data stack.</p></div>
\r
1613 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1614 _______________________________________________________
\r
1616 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_decimal"></a></p></div>
\r
1618 <div class="sect2">
\r
1619 <h3 id="_word_decimal">Word: DECIMAL</h3>
\r
1620 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1621 <div class="content">
\r
1622 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- )</code></pre>
\r
1624 <div class="paragraph"><p>"DECIMAL" is a function word that sets <a href="#p_base">BASE</a> to 10.</p></div>
\r
1625 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1626 <div class="content">
\r
1627 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
1628 <div class="content">
\r
1629 <div class="title">Definition concept for DECIMAL</div>
\r
1630 <div class="paragraph"><p>: DECIMAL 10 BASE ! ;</p></div>
\r
1633 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1634 _______________________________________________________
\r
1636 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_depth"></a></p></div>
\r
1638 <div class="sect2">
\r
1639 <h3 id="_word_depth">Word: DEPTH</h3>
\r
1640 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1641 <div class="content">
\r
1642 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- v )</code></pre>
\r
1644 <div class="paragraph"><p>"DEPTH" is a function word that pushes the count of data stack cells
\r
1645 onto the data stack.</p></div>
\r
1646 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1647 _______________________________________________________
\r
1649 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_dfa2tfa"></a></p></div>
\r
1651 <div class="sect2">
\r
1652 <h3 id="_word_dfa_gt_tfa">Word: DFA>TFA</h3>
\r
1653 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1654 <div class="content">
\r
1655 <pre><code>Data stack: ( dfa -- tfa )</code></pre>
\r
1657 <div class="paragraph"><p>"DFA>TFA" is a function word that pushes word tfa of the given dfa.</p></div>
\r
1658 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1659 <div class="content">
\r
1660 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
1661 <div class="content">
\r
1662 <div class="title">Definition concept for DFA>TFA</div>
\r
1663 <div class="paragraph"><p>: DFA>TFA 24 - @ ;</p></div>
\r
1666 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1667 _______________________________________________________
\r
1669 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_digits"></a></p></div>
\r
1671 <div class="sect2">
\r
1672 <h3 id="_word_digits">Word: DIGITS</h3>
\r
1673 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1674 <div class="content">
\r
1675 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
1677 <div class="paragraph"><p>"DIGITS" is a variable word that holds the character array for mapping
\r
1678 digit values to characters. It contains the 16 characters 0-9 and a-f.</p></div>
\r
1679 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1680 _______________________________________________________
\r
1682 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_div"></a></p></div>
\r
1684 <div class="sect2">
\r
1685 <h3 id="_word_5">Word: /</h3>
\r
1686 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1687 <div class="content">
\r
1688 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- q )</code></pre>
\r
1690 <div class="paragraph"><p>"/" (div) is a function word that replaces a pair of values with the
\r
1691 results of signed integer division of the first, v1, divided by the
\r
1692 second, v2. To that end, the values are 64-bit signed integers. The
\r
1693 result is the integer quotient, q, and the discarded remainder, r,
\r
1694 where q and r are the respectively largest and smallest integers to
\r
1695 satisfy the formula:</p></div>
\r
1696 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1697 <div class="content">
\r
1698 <pre><code> v1 = q * v2 + r</code></pre>
\r
1700 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1701 _______________________________________________________
\r
1703 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_divmod"></a></p></div>
\r
1705 <div class="sect2">
\r
1706 <h3 id="_word_mod">Word: /MOD</h3>
\r
1707 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1708 <div class="content">
\r
1709 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- q r )</code></pre>
\r
1711 <div class="paragraph"><p>"/MOD" (div-mod) is a function word that replaces a pair of values
\r
1712 with the results of signed integer division of the first, v1, divided
\r
1713 by the second, v2. To that end, the values are 64-bit signed integers.
\r
1714 The result is the integer quotient, q, and the remainder, r, where q
\r
1715 and r are the respectively largest and smallest integers to satisfy
\r
1716 the formula:</p></div>
\r
1717 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1718 <div class="content">
\r
1719 <pre><code> v1 = q * v2 + r</code></pre>
\r
1721 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1722 _______________________________________________________
\r
1724 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_dodoes"></a></p></div>
\r
1726 <div class="sect2">
\r
1727 <h3 id="_word_dodoes">Word: doDOES</h3>
\r
1728 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1729 <div class="content">
\r
1730 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
1732 <div class="paragraph"><p>"doDOES" is a variable word whose value is the implementation of the
\r
1733 <a href="#p_does">[p_does]</a> execution semantics. This is the same as
\r
1734 <a href="#p_doforth">doFORTH</a> but it starts at an offset into the word
\r
1735 concerned.</p></div>
\r
1736 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1737 _______________________________________________________
\r
1739 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_does"></a></p></div>
\r
1741 <div class="sect2">
\r
1742 <h3 id="_word_does_gt">WORD: DOES></h3>
\r
1743 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1744 <div class="content">
\r
1745 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- )</code></pre>
\r
1747 <div class="paragraph"><p>"DOES>" is a function that in execution mode does nothing but in
\r
1748 compilation mode it changes the execution semantics assignments for
\r
1749 the most recent word to use the <code>dodoes</code> sematics with adjustment
\r
1750 offset to the current heap address. I.e., the word being defined will
\r
1751 have its execution start at whatever comes after "DOES>".</p></div>
\r
1752 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
1753 <div class="content">
\r
1754 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
1755 <div class="content">
\r
1756 <div class="title">Defintion concept for DOES></div>
\r
1757 <div class="paragraph"><p>: DOES> IMMEDIATE
\r
1758 STATE @ != IF ( only for compilation mode )
\r
1759 CURRENT-WORDLIST @ @ TFA>CFA ( cfa of current word )
\r
1760 doDOES OVER ! ( set up doer )
\r
1761 HERE @ OVER 8 + - SWAP 8 - ! ( set up offset
\r
1766 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also
\r
1767 <a href="#p_put">!</a>,
\r
1768 <a href="#p_unequal">!⇒></a>,
\r
1769 <a href="#p_minus">→></a>,
\r
1770 <a href="#p_get">@</a>,
\r
1771 <a href="#p_current_wordlist">CURRENT-WORDLIST</a>,
\r
1772 <a href="#p_here">HERE</a>,
\r
1773 <a href="#p_if">IF</a>,
\r
1774 <a href="#p_immediate">IMMEDIATE</a>,
\r
1775 <a href="#p_over">OVER</a>,
\r
1776 <a href="#p_state">STATE</a>,
\r
1777 <a href="#p_swap">SWAP</a>,
\r
1778 <a href="#p_tfa2cfa">TFA>CFA</a>,
\r
1779 <a href="#p_then">THEN</a>,
\r
1780 <a href="#p_dodoes">doDOES</a>,
\r
1781 as well as <a href="#p_execute">EXECUTE</a>
\r
1782 about the range of "doer" assignments and their meanings.</p></div>
\r
1783 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1784 _______________________________________________________
\r
1786 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_dofasm"></a></p></div>
\r
1788 <div class="sect2">
\r
1789 <h3 id="_word_dofasm">Word: doFASM</h3>
\r
1790 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1791 <div class="content">
\r
1792 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
1794 <div class="paragraph"><p>"doFASM" is a variable word whose value is the implementation of the
\r
1795 execution semantics for assembly code content.</p></div>
\r
1796 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1797 _______________________________________________________
\r
1799 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_doforth"></a></p></div>
\r
1801 <div class="sect2">
\r
1802 <h3 id="_word_doforth">Word: doFORTH</h3>
\r
1803 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1804 <div class="content">
\r
1805 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
1807 <div class="paragraph"><p>"doFORTH" is a variable word whose value is the implementation of the
\r
1808 RRQFORTH execution semantics.</p></div>
\r
1809 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1810 _______________________________________________________
\r
1812 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_dostring"></a></p></div>
\r
1814 <div class="sect2">
\r
1815 <h3 id="_word_dostring">Word: doSTRING</h3>
\r
1816 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1817 <div class="content">
\r
1818 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
1820 <div class="paragraph"><p>"doFASM" is a variable word whose value is the implementation of the
\r
1821 execution semantics for assembly code implemented words. In those
\r
1822 cases the execution leads to the word content.</p></div>
\r
1823 <div class="paragraph"><p>The register context at entry to an assembly code implemented word is
\r
1824 as follows:</p></div>
\r
1825 <div class="listingblock">
\r
1826 <div class="content">
\r
1827 <pre><code> rax = cfa* of word to execute
\r
1828 rsi = cell* in the calling definition, after calling cell
\r
1829 rsp = data stack pointer
\r
1830 rbp = return stack pointer</code></pre>
\r
1832 <div class="paragraph"><p>The assembly code must ensure that <code>rsi</code> is preserved and that <code>rsp</code>
\r
1833 and <code>rbp</code> are used according to their roles.</p></div>
\r
1834 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1835 _______________________________________________________
\r
1837 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_dot"></a></p></div>
\r
1839 <div class="sect2">
\r
1840 <h3 id="_word_6">Word: .</h3>
\r
1841 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1842 <div class="content">
\r
1843 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v -- )</code></pre>
\r
1845 <div class="paragraph"><p>"." is a function word that prints the top stack value to stdout using
\r
1846 the current <a href="#p_base">BASE</a> (either <a href="#p_decimal">DECIMAL</a> or
\r
1847 <a href="#p_hex">HEX</a>).</p></div>
\r
1848 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1849 _______________________________________________________
\r
1851 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_double_quote"></a></p></div>
\r
1853 <div class="sect2">
\r
1854 <h3 id="_word_7">Word: "</h3>
\r
1855 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1856 <div class="content">
\r
1857 <pre><code>data stack: ( -- char n ) Input stream: ...."</code></pre>
\r
1859 <div class="paragraph"><p>""" (double quote) is a function word that copies the input stream
\r
1860 text up to next double quote to <a href="#p_pad">PAD</a>, and returns the
\r
1861 [n:char*] cell pair for that string.</p></div>
\r
1862 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1863 _______________________________________________________
\r
1865 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_dovalue"></a></p></div>
\r
1867 <div class="sect2">
\r
1868 <h3 id="_word_dovalue">Word: doVALUE</h3>
\r
1869 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1870 <div class="content">
\r
1871 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
1873 <div class="paragraph"><p>"doVALUE" is a variable word whose value is the implementation of the
\r
1874 execution semantics for cell values, which are variables with a single
\r
1875 64-bit cell holding the value.</p></div>
\r
1876 <div class="paragraph"><p>The execution of this result in pushing the value:</p></div>
\r
1877 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1878 <div class="content">
\r
1879 <pre><code>Resulting data stack: ( -- v )</code></pre>
\r
1881 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1882 _______________________________________________________
\r
1884 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_dovariable"></a></p></div>
\r
1886 <div class="sect2">
\r
1887 <h3 id="_word_dovariable">Word: doVARIABLE</h3>
\r
1888 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1889 <div class="content">
\r
1890 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
1892 <div class="paragraph"><p>"doVARIABLE" is a variable word whose value is the implementation of
\r
1893 the execution semantics for "variables", which basically are markers
\r
1894 into the heap for some number block of memory.</p></div>
\r
1895 <div class="paragraph"><p>The execution of a variable results in pushing its content address:</p></div>
\r
1896 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1897 <div class="content">
\r
1898 <pre><code>Resulting data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
1900 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1901 _______________________________________________________
\r
1903 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_drop"></a></p></div>
\r
1905 <div class="sect2">
\r
1906 <h3 id="_word_drop">Word: DROP</h3>
\r
1907 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1908 <div class="content">
\r
1909 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v -- )</code></pre>
\r
1911 <div class="paragraph"><p>"DROP" is a function word that discards the top stack cell.</p></div>
\r
1912 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1913 _______________________________________________________
\r
1915 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_dup"></a></p></div>
\r
1917 <div class="sect2">
\r
1918 <h3 id="_word_dup">Word: DUP</h3>
\r
1919 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1920 <div class="content">
\r
1921 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v -- v v )</code></pre>
\r
1923 <div class="paragraph"><p>"DUP" is a function word that duplicates the top stack cell.</p></div>
\r
1924 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1925 _______________________________________________________
\r
1927 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_else"></a></p></div>
\r
1929 <div class="sect2">
\r
1930 <h3 id="_word_else">Word: ELSE</h3>
\r
1931 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1932 <div class="content">
\r
1933 <pre><code>Data stack: Compiling: ( a -- a )</code></pre>
\r
1935 <div class="paragraph"><p>"ELSE" is an immediate function word that is used together with
\r
1936 <a href="#p_if">IF</a> and <a href="#p_then">THEN</a> to implement structured execution
\r
1937 control. ELSE lays out an unresolved unconditional branch as an ending
\r
1938 for the "then-part" of the structured statement, and it then performs
\r
1939 the branch resolution for the "else-part". To that end it replaces the
\r
1940 stacked address which pin-points the foot address the branch offset to
\r
1941 resolve, so that at execution time there is an appropriate conditional
\r
1942 branch past the "then-part" and the "else-part" of the "structured
\r
1943 statement".</p></div>
\r
1944 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1945 _______________________________________________________
\r
1947 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_emit"></a></p></div>
\r
1949 <div class="sect2">
\r
1950 <h3 id="_word_emit">Word: EMIT</h3>
\r
1951 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1952 <div class="content">
\r
1953 <pre><code>Data stack: ( c -- )</code></pre>
\r
1955 <div class="paragraph"><p>"EMIT" is a function word that puts the given character code to
\r
1956 standard output (file descriptor 1). The character is the least
\r
1957 significant byte of the top cell.</p></div>
\r
1958 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1959 _______________________________________________________
\r
1961 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_end"></a></p></div>
\r
1963 <div class="sect2">
\r
1964 <h3 id="_word_end">Word: END</h3>
\r
1965 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1966 <div class="content">
\r
1967 <pre><code>Data stack: Compiling: ( a 0 * -- )</code></pre>
\r
1969 <div class="paragraph"><p>"END" is an immediate function word that is used together with
\r
1970 <a href="#p_begin">BEGIN</a>, <a href="#p_ifbreak">IFBREAK</a> and <a href="#p_ifagain">IFAGAIN</a> to
\r
1971 implement structured execution control. END processes the data stack
\r
1972 to resolve any dangling <a href="#p_ifbreak">IFBREAK</a> branch offset for the
\r
1973 block of the matching <a href="#p_begin">BEGIN</a>.</p></div>
\r
1974 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1975 _______________________________________________________
\r
1977 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_equal"></a></p></div>
\r
1979 <div class="sect2">
\r
1980 <h3 id="_word_8">Word: =</h3>
\r
1981 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1982 <div class="content">
\r
1983 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- 0/-1 )</code></pre>
\r
1985 <div class="paragraph"><p>"=" is a function word that replaces a pair of values with -1 of the
\r
1986 values are equal, and 0 otherwise.</p></div>
\r
1987 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
1988 _______________________________________________________
\r
1990 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_erase"></a></p></div>
\r
1992 <div class="sect2">
\r
1993 <h3 id="_word_erase">Word: ERASE</h3>
\r
1994 <div class="literalblock">
\r
1995 <div class="content">
\r
1996 <pre><code>Data stack: ( a n -- )</code></pre>
\r
1998 <div class="paragraph"><p>"ERASE" is a function word that stores n NUL bytes at address a an up.</p></div>
\r
1999 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2000 _______________________________________________________
\r
2002 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_evaluate_stream"></a></p></div>
\r
2004 <div class="sect2">
\r
2005 <h3 id="_word_evaluate_stream">Word: EVALUATE-STREAM</h3>
\r
2006 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2007 <div class="content">
\r
2008 <pre><code>Data stack: ( stream -- ??? 0/1 ) Input stream: ......</code></pre>
\r
2010 <div class="paragraph"><p>"EVALUATE-STREAM" is a function word that reads words separated by
\r
2011 whitespace from the stream until it discovers an unknown word, or the
\r
2012 stream is exhausted. Depending on <a href="#p_state">STATE</a>, the words are
\r
2013 either executed or compiled, and all ther stack and heap effects are
\r
2014 preserved. "EVALUATE-STREAM" returns with an additional 0 or 1 on the
\r
2015 stack to respectively indicate that the last word was unkown, i.e. not
\r
2016 found (<a href="#p_find">FIND</a>) in the current word list
\r
2017 (<a href="#p_current_wordlist">CURRENT-WORDLIST</a>) and not a
\r
2018 <a href="#p_number">NUMBER</a> of the current <a href="#p_base">BASE</a>.</p></div>
\r
2019 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that numbers in the current <a href="#p_base">BASE</a> are treated as known
\r
2020 words that are parsed into cell values. If interpreting, then the
\r
2021 value is left on the stack. If compiling, then the value is added to
\r
2022 the heap subsequent to first adding <a href="#p_literal">LIT</a>, which is done
\r
2023 so as to make that value be push to the data stack upon a later
\r
2024 execution.</p></div>
\r
2025 <div class="paragraph"><p>In the <a href="#p_decimal">DECIMAL</a> base, the number word may begin with a
\r
2026 minus sign.</p></div>
\r
2027 <div class="paragraph"><p>The words are read and executed one by one, accounting for whether its
\r
2028 a number word or not, whether it is an <a href="#p_immediate">IMMEDIATE</a> word
\r
2029 or not, and whether the state at the time of execution indicates
\r
2030 "compiling" of "interpreting". Immediate words are executed in both
\r
2031 interpreting and compiling state, while other words have their CFA get
\r
2032 added to the heap so as to gain their execution effect upon a later
\r
2033 execution.</p></div>
\r
2034 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that "EVALUATE-STREAM" keeps the stream (pointer) on the return
\r
2035 stack while reading, parsing and executing.</p></div>
\r
2036 <div class="paragraph"><p>If "EVALUATE-STREAM" ends with 0, then <a href="#p_this_word">THIS-WORD</a> holds
\r
2037 the [n:chars] reference of the offending word in the stream buffer.</p></div>
\r
2038 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2039 _______________________________________________________
\r
2041 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_execute"></a></p></div>
\r
2043 <div class="sect2">
\r
2044 <h3 id="_word_execute">Word: EXECUTE</h3>
\r
2045 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2046 <div class="content">
\r
2047 <pre><code>Data stack: ( cfa -- )</code></pre>
\r
2049 <div class="paragraph"><p>"EXECUTE" is a function word that transfers the execution to the
\r
2050 indicated "Code Field Address", which typically is the CFA of an
\r
2051 RRQFORTH word with the CFA cell containing a jump address for the code
\r
2052 that implements the execution semnatics of the word.</p></div>
\r
2053 <div class="paragraph"><p>The following execution semantics are predefined:</p></div>
\r
2054 <div class="ulist"><ul>
\r
2057 assembler implemented words constitute their own execution
\r
2063 <a href="#p_doforth">[p_doforth]</a> implements the FORTH machine. This treats the word
\r
2064 content as a succession of cells that hold the cfa pointers for the
\r
2065 words that make of the definition. As is customary in FORTH
\r
2066 machines, the advance through that succession is provided by each
\r
2067 word code ending making an explicit jump to its successor. The
\r
2068 <a href="#p_return_stack">RETURN-STACK</a> serves as a call stack for tracking
\r
2069 the nesting of FORTH executions by saving the "addresses" of the
\r
2075 <a href="#p_dodoes">[p_dodoes]</a> implements the variation of starting the FORTH
\r
2076 execution somewhere within a definition rather than at the
\r
2082 <a href="#p_dostring">[p_dostring]</a>, <a href="#p_dovalue">[p_dovalue]</a> and <a href="#p_dovariable">[p_dovariable]</a> implement
\r
2083 different common ways of using word content other the as FORTH
\r
2088 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2089 _______________________________________________________
\r
2091 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_exit"></a></p></div>
\r
2093 <div class="sect2">
\r
2094 <h3 id="_word_exit">Word: EXIT</h3>
\r
2095 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2096 <div class="content">
\r
2097 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- )</code></pre>
\r
2099 <div class="paragraph"><p>"EXIT" is a function word that implements the ending of a FORTH
\r
2100 definition and its threading to the subsequent step of the calling
\r
2101 definition.</p></div>
\r
2102 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2103 _______________________________________________________
\r
2105 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_false"></a></p></div>
\r
2107 <div class="sect2">
\r
2108 <h3 id="_word_false">Word: FALSE</h3>
\r
2109 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2110 <div class="content">
\r
2111 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- 0 )</code></pre>
\r
2113 <div class="paragraph"><p>"FALSE" is a value word representing logical false.</p></div>
\r
2114 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2115 _______________________________________________________
\r
2117 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_fdemit"></a></p></div>
\r
2119 <div class="sect2">
\r
2120 <h3 id="_word_fdemit">Word: FDEMIT</h3>
\r
2121 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2122 <div class="content">
\r
2123 <pre><code>Data stack: ( c fd -- )</code></pre>
\r
2125 <div class="paragraph"><p>"FDEMIT" is a function word that puts the given character code to the
\r
2126 given file descriptor. The character is the least significant byte of
\r
2127 the data stack cell.</p></div>
\r
2128 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2129 _______________________________________________________
\r
2131 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_fdtell"></a></p></div>
\r
2133 <div class="sect2">
\r
2134 <h3 id="_word_fdtell">Word: FDTELL</h3>
\r
2135 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2136 <div class="content">
\r
2137 <pre><code>Data stack: ( char* n fd -- )</code></pre>
\r
2139 <div class="paragraph"><p>"FDTELL" is a function word that prints a string to the given file
\r
2140 descriptor.</p></div>
\r
2141 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2142 _______________________________________________________
\r
2144 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_find"></a></p></div>
\r
2146 <div class="sect2">
\r
2147 <h3 id="_word_find">Word: FIND</h3>
\r
2148 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2149 <div class="content">
\r
2150 <pre><code>Data stack: ( char* n -- [ char* n 0 ]/[ tfa ] )</code></pre>
\r
2152 <div class="paragraph"><p>"FIND" is a function word that searches the current word list search
\r
2153 path for the given [n:char*] word, and returns the TFA of the matching
\r
2154 word if any. Otherwise FIND preserves the initial data stack but adds
\r
2155 0 to it.</p></div>
\r
2156 <div class="paragraph"><p>The word is sought starting with the
\r
2157 <a href="#p_current_wordlist">CURRENT-WORDLIST</a> word list, for the first
\r
2158 occurence of a match. If not found, the search continues with the
\r
2159 subsequent word list, and so on.</p></div>
\r
2160 <div class="paragraph"><p>When a word is found, then the data stack is changed by discarding the
\r
2161 [n:char*] double cell string pointer and pushing (only) the TFA of the
\r
2162 matching word instead.</p></div>
\r
2163 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2164 _______________________________________________________
\r
2166 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_forth"></a></p></div>
\r
2168 <div class="sect2">
\r
2169 <h3 id="_word_forth">Word: FORTH</h3>
\r
2170 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2171 <div class="content">
\r
2172 <pre><code>data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
2174 <div class="paragraph"><p>"FORTH" is a variable word for the FORTH word list, which does not
\r
2175 have any subsequent word list.</p></div>
\r
2176 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2177 _______________________________________________________
\r
2179 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_get"></a></p></div>
\r
2181 <div class="sect2">
\r
2182 <h3 id="_word_9">Word: @</h3>
\r
2183 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2184 <div class="content">
\r
2185 <pre><code>Data stack: ( a -- v )</code></pre>
\r
2187 <div class="paragraph"><p>"@" is a function word that pushes the value v from the address a.</p></div>
\r
2188 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2189 _______________________________________________________
\r
2191 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_get_n_decrement"></a></p></div>
\r
2193 <div class="sect2">
\r
2194 <h3 id="_word_n">Word: @n--</h3>
\r
2195 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2196 <div class="content">
\r
2197 <pre><code>Data stack: ( a n -- v )</code></pre>
\r
2199 <div class="paragraph"><p>"@n--" is a function word that pushes the value from the address, a,
\r
2200 then decrements the cell at that address by n.</p></div>
\r
2201 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
2202 <div class="content">
\r
2203 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
2204 <div class="content">
\r
2205 <div class="title">Defintion concept for @n++</div>
\r
2206 <div class="paragraph"><p>: @n++ OVER @ DUP ROT - ROT ! ;</p></div>
\r
2209 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2210 _______________________________________________________
\r
2212 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_get_n_increment"></a></p></div>
\r
2214 <div class="sect2">
\r
2215 <h3 id="_word_n_2">Word: @n++</h3>
\r
2216 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2217 <div class="content">
\r
2218 <pre><code>Data stack: ( a n -- v )</code></pre>
\r
2220 <div class="paragraph"><p>"@n++" is a function word that pushes the value from the address, a,
\r
2221 then increments the cell at that address by n.</p></div>
\r
2222 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
2223 <div class="content">
\r
2224 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
2225 <div class="content">
\r
2226 <div class="title">Defintion concept for @n++</div>
\r
2227 <div class="paragraph"><p>( a n — v ) : @n++ OVER @ DUP ROT + ROT ! ;</p></div>
\r
2230 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2231 _______________________________________________________
\r
2233 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_greaterequal"></a></p></div>
\r
2235 <div class="sect2">
\r
2236 <h3 id="_word_gt">Word: >=</h3>
\r
2237 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2238 <div class="content">
\r
2239 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- 0/-1 )</code></pre>
\r
2241 <div class="paragraph"><p>">=" is a function word that replaces a pair of values with -1 if the
\r
2242 first, v1, is greater than or equal to the second, v1, otherwise 0. To
\r
2243 that end, the values are 64-bit signed integers.</p></div>
\r
2244 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2245 _______________________________________________________
\r
2247 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_greaterthan"></a></p></div>
\r
2249 <div class="sect2">
\r
2250 <h3 id="_word_gt_2">Word: ></h3>
\r
2251 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2252 <div class="content">
\r
2253 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- 0/-1 )</code></pre>
\r
2255 <div class="paragraph"><p>">" is a function word that replaces a pair of values with -1 if the
\r
2256 first, v1, is greater than the second, v1, otherwise 0. To that end,
\r
2257 the values are 64-bit signed integers.</p></div>
\r
2258 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2259 _______________________________________________________
\r
2261 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_gtR"></a></p></div>
\r
2263 <div class="sect2">
\r
2264 <h3 id="_word_gt_r">Word: >R</h3>
\r
2265 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2266 <div class="content">
\r
2267 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v -- ) Return stack: ( -- v )</code></pre>
\r
2269 <div class="paragraph"><p>">R" is a function word that "moves" the top data stack value onto the
\r
2270 return stack.</p></div>
\r
2271 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2272 _______________________________________________________
\r
2274 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_here"></a></p></div>
\r
2276 <div class="sect2">
\r
2277 <h3 id="_word_here">Word: HERE</h3>
\r
2278 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2279 <div class="content">
\r
2280 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
2282 <div class="paragraph"><p>"HERE" is a variable word that keeps the lowest address of the free
\r
2283 allocation space. It get updated by all words that allocate memory.</p></div>
\r
2284 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
2285 <div class="content">
\r
2286 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
2287 <div class="content">
\r
2288 <div class="title">allocate 1024 bytes on the heap</div>
\r
2289 <div class="paragraph"><p>1024 HEAP @ + HEAP !</p></div>
\r
2292 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="#p_allot">ALLOT</a>.</p></div>
\r
2293 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2294 _______________________________________________________
\r
2296 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_hex"></a></p></div>
\r
2298 <div class="sect2">
\r
2299 <h3 id="_word_hex">Word: HEX</h3>
\r
2300 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2301 <div class="content">
\r
2302 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- )</code></pre>
\r
2304 <div class="paragraph"><p>"HEX" is a function word that sets <a href="#p_base">BASE</a> to 16, which uses
\r
2305 letters a-f as additional digits. (Uppercase letter are also accepted
\r
2306 on input).</p></div>
\r
2307 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
2308 <div class="content">
\r
2309 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
2310 <div class="content">
\r
2311 <div class="title">Definition concept for HEX</div>
\r
2312 <div class="paragraph"><p>: HEX 16 BASE ! ;</p></div>
\r
2315 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2316 _______________________________________________________
\r
2318 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_if"></a></p></div>
\r
2320 <div class="sect2">
\r
2321 <h3 id="_word_if">Word: IF</h3>
\r
2322 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2323 <div class="content">
\r
2324 <pre><code>Data stack: Compiling: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
2326 <div class="paragraph"><p>"IF" is an immediate function word that is used together with
\r
2327 <a href="#p_else">ELSE</a> and <a href="#p_then">THEN</a> to implement structured execution
\r
2328 control. IF results in layout of a <a href="#p_0branch">0BRANCH</a> instruction
\r
2329 with an unresolved branch offset, and places the address for resolving
\r
2330 this instruction on the datastack. This address will then be resolved
\r
2331 and asssigned by a subsequent <a href="#p_else">ELSE</a> or <a href="#p_then">THEN</a> so
\r
2332 that at execution time there is an appropriate conditional branch past
\r
2333 the "then-part" of the "structured statement".</p></div>
\r
2334 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2335 _______________________________________________________
\r
2337 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_ifagain"></a></p></div>
\r
2339 <div class="sect2">
\r
2340 <h3 id="_word_ifagain">Word: IFAGAIN</h3>
\r
2341 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2342 <div class="content">
\r
2343 <pre><code>Data stack: Compiling: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
2345 <div class="paragraph"><p>"IFAGAIN" is an immediate function word that is used together with
\r
2346 <a href="#p_begin">BEGIN</a>, <a href="#p_ifbreak">BREAK</a> and <a href="#p_end">END</a> to implement
\r
2347 structured execution control. IFAGAIN scans the datastack for the
\r
2348 nearest preceding BEGIN marker and lays out a branch from this point
\r
2349 the beginning of the block during execution.</p></div>
\r
2350 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2351 _______________________________________________________
\r
2353 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_ifbreak"></a></p></div>
\r
2355 <div class="sect2">
\r
2356 <h3 id="_word_ifbreak">Word: IFBREAK</h3>
\r
2357 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2358 <div class="content">
\r
2359 <pre><code>Data stack: Compiling: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
2361 <div class="paragraph"><p>"IFBREAK" is an immediate function word that is used together with
\r
2362 <a href="#p_begin">BEGIN</a>, <a href="#p_ifagain">IFAGAIN</a> and <a href="#p_end">END</a> to
\r
2363 implement structured execution control. IFBREAK simply places the
\r
2364 address for resolving branches from this point the end of the block
\r
2365 during execution.</p></div>
\r
2366 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2367 _______________________________________________________
\r
2369 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_immediate"></a></p></div>
\r
2371 <div class="sect2">
\r
2372 <h3 id="_word_immediate">Word: IMMEDIATE</h3>
\r
2373 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2374 <div class="content">
\r
2375 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- )</code></pre>
\r
2377 <div class="paragraph"><p>"IMMEDIATE" is an immediate function word that sets the flags field of
\r
2378 the most recent word to 1, thereby making that word an immediate word.</p></div>
\r
2379 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
2380 <div class="content">
\r
2381 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
2382 <div class="content">
\r
2383 <div class="title">Definition concept for IMMEDIATE</div>
\r
2384 <div class="paragraph"><p>: IMMEDIATE IMMEDIATE 1 CURRENT-WORDLIST @ @ 16 + ! ;</p></div>
\r
2387 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="#p_colon">:</a>, <a href="#p_current_wordlist">CURRENT-WORDLIST</a>,
\r
2388 <a href="#p_get">@</a>, <a href="#p_plus">+</a>, <a href="#p_put">!</a>, and <a href="#p_semicolon;">[p_semicolon;]</a>.</p></div>
\r
2389 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2390 _______________________________________________________
\r
2392 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_input"></a></p></div>
\r
2394 <div class="sect2">
\r
2395 <h3 id="_word_input">Word: INPUT</h3>
\r
2396 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2397 <div class="content">
\r
2398 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
2400 <div class="paragraph"><p>"INPUT" is a variable word for the input stream buffer used by
\r
2401 <a href="#p_evaluate_stream">EVALUATE-STREAM</a>.</p></div>
\r
2402 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2403 _______________________________________________________
\r
2405 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_left_bracket"></a></p></div>
\r
2407 <div class="sect2">
\r
2408 <h3 id="_word_10">Word: [</h3>
\r
2409 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2410 <div class="content">
\r
2411 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- )</code></pre>
\r
2413 <div class="paragraph"><p>"[" (left bracket) is a function word that sets the stream evaluation
\r
2414 mode to be intepreting. In this mode, words are executed immediately
\r
2415 after parsing, by invoking their "doer".</p></div>
\r
2416 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
2417 <div class="content">
\r
2418 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
2419 <div class="content">
\r
2420 <div class="title">Definition concept for [</div>
\r
2421 <div class="paragraph"><p>: [ IMMEDIATE 0 STATE ! ;</p></div>
\r
2424 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2425 _______________________________________________________
\r
2427 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_lessequal"></a></p></div>
\r
2429 <div class="sect2">
\r
2430 <h3 id="_word_lt">Word: <=</h3>
\r
2431 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2432 <div class="content">
\r
2433 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- 0/-1 )</code></pre>
\r
2435 <div class="paragraph"><p>"<=" is a function word that replaces a pair of values with -1 if the
\r
2436 first, v1, is less than or equal to the second, v1, otherwise 0. To
\r
2437 that end, the values are 64-bit signed integers.</p></div>
\r
2438 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2439 _______________________________________________________
\r
2441 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_lessthan"></a></p></div>
\r
2443 <div class="sect2">
\r
2444 <h3 id="_word_lt_2">Word: <</h3>
\r
2445 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2446 <div class="content">
\r
2447 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- 0/-1 )</code></pre>
\r
2449 <div class="paragraph"><p>"<" is a function word that replaces a pair of values with -1 if the
\r
2450 first, v1, is less than the second, v1, otherwise 0. To that end, the
\r
2451 values are 64-bit signed integers.</p></div>
\r
2452 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2453 _______________________________________________________
\r
2455 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_literal"></a></p></div>
\r
2457 <div class="sect2">
\r
2458 <h3 id="_word_lit">Word: LIT</h3>
\r
2459 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2460 <div class="content">
\r
2461 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- v )</code></pre>
\r
2463 <div class="paragraph"><p>"LIT" is a function word that pushes the cell subsequent and moves
\r
2464 excution past that. The literal value is thus layed out as if a
\r
2465 subsequent CFA pointer in the containing definition, and the LIT
\r
2466 execution will make the execution skip past that and instead contine
\r
2467 with the CFA pointer following the value.</p></div>
\r
2468 <div class="paragraph"><p>It’s not a good idea to use "LIT" interactively.</p></div>
\r
2469 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
2470 <div class="content">
\r
2471 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
2472 <div class="content">
\r
2473 <div class="title">Definition concept for LIT</div>
\r
2474 <div class="paragraph"><p>: LIT R> DUP 8 + >R @ ;</p></div>
\r
2477 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2478 _______________________________________________________
\r
2480 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_literal_string"></a></p></div>
\r
2482 <div class="sect2">
\r
2483 <h3 id="_word_s">Word: S"</h3>
\r
2484 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2485 <div class="content">
\r
2486 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- chars* n )</code></pre>
\r
2488 <div class="paragraph"><p>"S"" is a function word that pushes the [n:char] pointer for a string
\r
2489 inlined subsequently to it in the containing definition. This is
\r
2490 similar to <a href="#p_lit">LIT</a> but for a string literal.</p></div>
\r
2491 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
2492 <div class="content">
\r
2493 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
2494 <div class="content">
\r
2495 <div class="title">Definition concept for LIT</div>
\r
2496 <div class="paragraph"><p>: LIT R> DUP @ 2DUP + 8 + >R SWAP 8 + SWAP ;</p></div>
\r
2499 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2500 _______________________________________________________
\r
2502 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_load_buffer_size"></a></p></div>
\r
2504 <div class="sect2">
\r
2505 <h3 id="_word_load_buffer_size">Word: LOAD-BUFFER-SIZE</h3>
\r
2506 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2507 <div class="content">
\r
2508 <pre><code>data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
2510 <div class="paragraph"><p>"LOAD-BUFFER-SIZE" is a variable word telling the buffer size in bytes
\r
2511 that <a href="#p_load_file">LOAD-FILE</a> should use.</p></div>
\r
2512 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2513 _______________________________________________________
\r
2515 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_load_file"></a></p></div>
\r
2517 <div class="sect2">
\r
2518 <h3 id="_word_load_file">Word: LOAD-FILE</h3>
\r
2519 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2520 <div class="content">
\r
2521 <pre><code>data stack: ( chaz* -- * 0/1 )</code></pre>
\r
2523 <div class="paragraph"><p>"LOAD-FILE" is a function word that evaluates a text file. It opens a
\r
2524 file via <a href="#p_open_file">OPEN-FILE</a> and sets up a stream with a
\r
2525 buffer of <a href="#p_load_buffer_size">LOAD-BUFFER-SIZE</a> bytes for
\r
2526 reading it. The stream is passed to
\r
2527 <a href="#p_evaluate_stream">EVALUATE-STREAM</a> for processing its words. Upon
\r
2528 its return the file is closed and the stream memory is reclaimed, and
\r
2529 then the function returns whatever
\r
2530 <a href="#p_evaluate_stream">EVALUATE-STREAM</a> returns.</p></div>
\r
2531 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2532 _______________________________________________________
\r
2534 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_lparen"></a></p></div>
\r
2536 <div class="sect2">
\r
2537 <h3 id="_word_11">Word: (</h3>
\r
2538 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2539 <div class="content">
\r
2540 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- )</code></pre>
\r
2542 <div class="paragraph"><p>"(" (left parenthesis) is a function word that scans and ignores words
\r
2543 until the next right parenthesis, or the end of the stream. This is
\r
2544 used for comments in RRQFORTH code.</p></div>
\r
2545 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that the terminating right parenthesis is a word, i.e. must have
\r
2546 whitespace before and after it.</p></div>
\r
2547 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2548 _______________________________________________________
\r
2550 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_malloc"></a></p></div>
\r
2552 <div class="sect2">
\r
2553 <h3 id="_word_malloc">Word: MALLOC</h3>
\r
2554 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2555 <div class="content">
\r
2556 <pre><code>Data stack: ( n -- a )</code></pre>
\r
2558 <div class="paragraph"><p>"MALLOC" is a word that allocates memory using mmap of at least n
\r
2559 bytes and returns the lowest address of the allocated block.</p></div>
\r
2560 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that this makes new page allocations for the process from the
\r
2561 kernel, and the granularity is in pages, i.e. a multiple of 4 kb.</p></div>
\r
2562 <div class="paragraph"><p>The memory is allocated with READ and WRITE access but not EXEC
\r
2563 access, and flagged as PRIVATE, ANONYMOUS and LOCKED. See the "man
\r
2564 page" of mmap for details.</p></div>
\r
2565 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="#p_stream">STREAM</a></p></div>
\r
2566 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2567 _______________________________________________________
\r
2569 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_minus"></a></p></div>
\r
2571 <div class="sect2">
\r
2572 <h3 id="_word_12">Word: -</h3>
\r
2573 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2574 <div class="content">
\r
2575 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- v3 )</code></pre>
\r
2577 <div class="paragraph"><p>"-" (minus) is a function word that replaces a pair of values with the
\r
2578 result of reducing the first, v1, with the second, v2. To that end,
\r
2579 the values are 64-bit signed integers.</p></div>
\r
2580 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2581 _______________________________________________________
\r
2583 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_mult"></a></p></div>
\r
2585 <div class="sect2">
\r
2586 <h3 id="_word_13">Word: *</h3>
\r
2587 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2588 <div class="content">
\r
2589 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- v3 )</code></pre>
\r
2591 <div class="paragraph"><p>"*" is a function word that replaces a pair of values with the result
\r
2592 of multiplying them. To that end, the values are 64-bit signed
\r
2593 integers, and clipping the result to the least signifcant 64 bits.</p></div>
\r
2594 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2595 _______________________________________________________
\r
2597 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_negate"></a></p></div>
\r
2599 <div class="sect2">
\r
2600 <h3 id="_word_negate">Word: NEGATE</h3>
\r
2601 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2602 <div class="content">
\r
2603 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 -- v2 )</code></pre>
\r
2605 <div class="paragraph"><p>"NEGATE" is a function word that replaces a value with its
\r
2606 2’s-complement negation. To that end, the values are 64-bit signed
\r
2607 integers.</p></div>
\r
2608 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2609 _______________________________________________________
\r
2611 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_nip"></a></p></div>
\r
2613 <div class="sect2">
\r
2614 <h3 id="_word_nip">Word: NIP</h3>
\r
2615 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2616 <div class="content">
\r
2617 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- v2 )</code></pre>
\r
2619 <div class="paragraph"><p>"NIP" is a function word that discards the second of the top two cells
\r
2620 on the data stack.</p></div>
\r
2621 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
2622 <div class="content">
\r
2623 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
2624 <div class="content">
\r
2625 <div class="title">Definition concept for NIP</div>
\r
2626 <div class="paragraph"><p>: NIP SWAP DROP ;</p></div>
\r
2629 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2630 _______________________________________________________
\r
2632 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_nl"></a></p></div>
\r
2634 <div class="sect2">
\r
2635 <h3 id="_word_nl">Word: NL</h3>
\r
2636 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2637 <div class="content">
\r
2638 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- v )</code></pre>
\r
2640 <div class="paragraph"><p>"NL" is a value word pushing a newline character onto the data stack.</p></div>
\r
2641 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2642 _______________________________________________________
\r
2644 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_not"></a></p></div>
\r
2646 <div class="sect2">
\r
2647 <h3 id="_word_not">Word: NOT</h3>
\r
2648 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2649 <div class="content">
\r
2650 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 -- v2 )</code></pre>
\r
2652 <div class="paragraph"><p>"NOT" is a function word that replaces a value with its bitwise
\r
2653 complement; each bit is zero if non-zero, and non-zero if zero.</p></div>
\r
2654 <div class="paragraph"><p>Compare with <<p_0equal,0⇒>.</p></div>
\r
2655 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2656 _______________________________________________________
\r
2658 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_number"></a></p></div>
\r
2660 <div class="sect2">
\r
2661 <h3 id="_word_number">Word: NUMBER</h3>
\r
2662 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2663 <div class="content">
\r
2664 <pre><code>Data stack: ( char n -- [ 0 ]/[ v 1 ] )</code></pre>
\r
2666 <div class="paragraph"><p>"NUMBER" is a function word that parses a text number using
\r
2667 <a href="#p_base">BASE</a> as numerical base, then returns the result number and
\r
2668 a 1 on top, or just a 0 if the word didn’t parse.</p></div>
\r
2669 <div class="paragraph"><p>A number consists of, first an optional minus sign, if in
\r
2670 <a href="#p_decimal">DECIMAL</a> base, then digits 0-9 and, if in <a href="#p_hex">HEX</a>
\r
2671 base, letters a-f or A-F for values 10-15. I.e. the normal positive or
\r
2672 negative decimal integers or normal (positive only) hexadecimal
\r
2673 integers.</p></div>
\r
2674 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2675 _______________________________________________________
\r
2677 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_open_file"></a></p></div>
\r
2679 <div class="sect2">
\r
2680 <h3 id="_word_open_file">Word: OPEN-FILE</h3>
\r
2681 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2682 <div class="content">
\r
2683 <pre><code>Data stack: ( chaz* -- fd )</code></pre>
\r
2685 <div class="paragraph"><p>"OPEN-FILE" is a function word that opens the file named by the zero
\r
2686 terminated character string and returns the file descriptor, or if
\r
2687 less than 0, the system call error code.</p></div>
\r
2688 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2689 _______________________________________________________
\r
2691 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_or"></a></p></div>
\r
2693 <div class="sect2">
\r
2694 <h3 id="_word_or">Word: OR</h3>
\r
2695 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2696 <div class="content">
\r
2697 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- v3 )</code></pre>
\r
2699 <div class="paragraph"><p>"OR" is a function word that replaces a value pair with their bitwise
\r
2700 disjunction; each bit is 1 if the corresponding bits of any operand
\r
2701 is 1 and 0 if not.</p></div>
\r
2702 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2703 _______________________________________________________
\r
2705 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_over"></a></p></div>
\r
2707 <div class="sect2">
\r
2708 <h3 id="_word_over">Word: OVER</h3>
\r
2709 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2710 <div class="content">
\r
2711 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- v1 v2 v1 )</code></pre>
\r
2713 <div class="paragraph"><p>"OVER" is a function word that duplicates the second top stack cell on
\r
2714 the data stack.</p></div>
\r
2715 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2716 _______________________________________________________
\r
2718 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_pad"></a></p></div>
\r
2720 <div class="sect2">
\r
2721 <h3 id="_word_pad">Word: PAD</h3>
\r
2722 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2723 <div class="content">
\r
2724 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
2726 <div class="paragraph"><p>"PAD" is a variable word for a 1 kb data space that is used by
\r
2727 <a href="#p_double_quote">[p_double_quote]</a> (only), and otherwise free for temporary use.</p></div>
\r
2728 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2729 _______________________________________________________
\r
2731 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_pick"></a></p></div>
\r
2733 <div class="sect2">
\r
2734 <h3 id="_word_pick">Word: PICK</h3>
\r
2735 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2736 <div class="content">
\r
2737 <pre><code>Data stack: ( vu...v1 v0 u -- vu...v1 v0 vu )</code></pre>
\r
2739 <div class="paragraph"><p>"PICK" is a function word that pushes the u:th data stack cell down
\r
2740 from top onto the data stack. 0 indicates the top cell making it the
\r
2741 same as <a href="#p_dup">DUP</a>, and 1 indicates the second top cell making it
\r
2742 the same as <a href="#p_over">OVER</a>.</p></div>
\r
2743 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2744 _______________________________________________________
\r
2746 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_plus"></a></p></div>
\r
2748 <div class="sect2">
\r
2749 <h3 id="_word_43">Word: +</h3>
\r
2750 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2751 <div class="content">
\r
2752 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- v3 )</code></pre>
\r
2754 <div class="paragraph"><p>"+" (plus) is a function word that replaces a pair of values with the
\r
2755 result of adding them. To that end, the values are 64-bit signed
\r
2756 integers.</p></div>
\r
2757 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2758 _______________________________________________________
\r
2760 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_program_version"></a></p></div>
\r
2762 <div class="sect2">
\r
2763 <h3 id="_word_program_version">Word: PROGRAM_VERSION</h3>
\r
2764 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2765 <div class="content">
\r
2766 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- char* length )</code></pre>
\r
2768 <div class="paragraph"><p>"PROGRAM_VERSION" is a string variable hilding the version string.</p></div>
\r
2769 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2770 _______________________________________________________
\r
2772 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_put"></a></p></div>
\r
2774 <div class="sect2">
\r
2775 <h3 id="_word_14">Word: !</h3>
\r
2776 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2777 <div class="content">
\r
2778 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v a -- )</code></pre>
\r
2780 <div class="paragraph"><p>"!" is a function word that stores the cell value v at the address a.</p></div>
\r
2781 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2782 _______________________________________________________
\r
2784 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_put_plus"></a></p></div>
\r
2786 <div class="sect2">
\r
2787 <h3 id="_word_15">Word: !+</h3>
\r
2788 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2789 <div class="content">
\r
2790 <pre><code>Data stack: ( a n -- )</code></pre>
\r
2792 <div class="paragraph"><p>"!+" is a function word that adds n to the cell value at a.</p></div>
\r
2793 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
2794 <div class="content">
\r
2795 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
2796 <div class="content">
\r
2797 <div class="title">definition concept for !+</div>
\r
2798 <div class="paragraph"><p>( a n — ) : !+ OVER @ + SWAP ! ;</p></div>
\r
2801 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2802 _______________________________________________________
\r
2804 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_quit"></a></p></div>
\r
2806 <div class="sect2">
\r
2807 <h3 id="_word_quit">Word: QUIT</h3>
\r
2808 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2809 <div class="content">
\r
2810 <pre><code>Data stack: ??</code></pre>
\r
2812 <div class="paragraph"><p>"QUIT" is a function word that implements the root execution loop of
\r
2813 RRQFORTH. First it resets the stacks to their original settings, and
\r
2814 thereafter it enters loop of reading words from <a href="#p_stdin">STDIN</a> and
\r
2815 executing them.</p></div>
\r
2816 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2817 _______________________________________________________
\r
2819 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_quote"></a></p></div>
\r
2821 <div class="sect2">
\r
2822 <h3 id="_word_16">Word: '</h3>
\r
2823 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2824 <div class="content">
\r
2825 <pre><code>data stack: ( -- cfa ) Input stream: word</code></pre>
\r
2827 <div class="paragraph"><p>"'" (single quote) is a function word that reads and find the next
\r
2828 word on the input stream and pushes its cfa.</p></div>
\r
2829 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2830 _______________________________________________________
\r
2832 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_rbp"></a></p></div>
\r
2834 <div class="sect2">
\r
2835 <h3 id="_word_rsp">Word: RSP</h3>
\r
2836 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2837 <div class="content">
\r
2838 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
2840 <div class="paragraph"><p>"RSP" is a function word that pushes the return stack pointer value
\r
2841 onto the data stack.</p></div>
\r
2842 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2843 _______________________________________________________
\r
2845 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_rbpn"></a></p></div>
\r
2847 <div class="sect2">
\r
2848 <h3 id="_word_r_n">Word: R[n]</h3>
\r
2849 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2850 <div class="content">
\r
2851 <pre><code>Data stack: ( n -- a )</code></pre>
\r
2853 <div class="paragraph"><p>"R[n]" is a function word that pushes the address for the n:th cell on
\r
2854 the top return stack value onto the data stack.</p></div>
\r
2855 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
2856 <div class="content">
\r
2857 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
2858 <div class="content">
\r
2859 <div class="title">Defintion concept for R[n]</div>
\r
2860 <div class="paragraph"><p>( n — a ) : R[n] 8 * RSP + ;</p></div>
\r
2863 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2864 _______________________________________________________
\r
2866 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_read_stream_char"></a></p></div>
\r
2868 <div class="sect2">
\r
2869 <h3 id="_word_read_stream_char">Word: READ-STREAM-CHAR</h3>
\r
2870 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2871 <div class="content">
\r
2872 <pre><code>Data stack: ( stream -- c )</code></pre>
\r
2874 <div class="paragraph"><p>"READ-STREAM-CHAR" is a function word that gets the next character
\r
2875 from the given stream buffer, possibly refilling the buffer if it is
\r
2876 backed by a file descriptor. The refill is done by a SYS_READ call
\r
2877 when more characters are needed. The next character is pushed on the
\r
2878 stack, unless the stream is exhausted in which case the -1 is pushed
\r
2879 instead.</p></div>
\r
2880 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="#p_stream">STREAM</a>.</p></div>
\r
2881 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2882 _______________________________________________________
\r
2884 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_read_word"></a></p></div>
\r
2886 <div class="sect2">
\r
2887 <h3 id="_word_read_word">Word: READ-WORD</h3>
\r
2888 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2889 <div class="content">
\r
2890 <pre><code>Data stack: ( stream -- char* n )</code></pre>
\r
2892 <div class="paragraph"><p>"READ-WORD" is a function word that "reads" the next whitespace
\r
2893 separated word from the given stream and returns the [n:char*] duoble
\r
2894 cell pointer for it. The characters of the word are copied to
\r
2895 <a href="#p_pad">PAD</a>, and there is a limit of 1024 characters.</p></div>
\r
2896 <div class="paragraph"><p>At the end of the stream READ-WORD returns 0 length.</p></div>
\r
2897 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
2898 <div class="title">Special syntax 1: Whitespace</div>
\r
2899 <div class="content">
\r
2900 <div class="paragraph"><p>All character codes less or equal to 32 are regarded as "whitespace".</p></div>
\r
2902 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
2903 <div class="title">Special syntax 2: Rest-of-line comment</div>
\r
2904 <div class="content">
\r
2905 <div class="paragraph"><p>The "#" character following whitespace starts a line comment and the
\r
2906 rest of the line is ignored. Note that this is also recognised with
\r
2907 <a href="#p_lparen">parethesis commenting</a>.</p></div>
\r
2909 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2910 _______________________________________________________
\r
2912 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_realloc"></a></p></div>
\r
2914 <div class="sect2">
\r
2915 <h3 id="_word_realloc">Word: REALLOC</h3>
\r
2916 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2917 <div class="content">
\r
2918 <pre><code>Data stack: ( a m n -- a )</code></pre>
\r
2920 <div class="paragraph"><p>"REALLOC" is a word that reallocates memory using mremap of address a
\r
2921 of size m to be size n bytes and returns the lowest address of the
\r
2922 allocated block.</p></div>
\r
2923 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that this makes new page allocations for the process from the
\r
2924 kernel, and the granularity is in pages, i.e. a multiple of 4 kb.</p></div>
\r
2925 <div class="paragraph"><p>The memory is reampped using the MREMAP_MAYMOVE flag,</p></div>
\r
2926 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="#p_malloc">MALLOC</a></p></div>
\r
2927 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2928 _______________________________________________________
\r
2930 <div class="paragraph"><p>compile.asm: WORD p_right_bracket,<em>]</em>,fasm</p></div>
\r
2931 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_right_bracket"></a></p></div>
\r
2933 <div class="sect2">
\r
2934 <h3 id="_word_17">Word: ]</h3>
\r
2935 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2936 <div class="content">
\r
2937 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- )</code></pre>
\r
2939 <div class="paragraph"><p>"]" (right bracket) is a function word that sets the stream evaluation
\r
2940 mode to be compiling. In this mode words parsed into CFA pointers
\r
2941 which are placed on the heap in the given order, unless the word is
\r
2942 flagged as <a href="#p_immediate">IMMEDIATE</a> or a <a href="#p_number">NUMBER</a>. An
\r
2943 immediate word is executed immediately, and a number is parsed and
\r
2944 left on the stack.</p></div>
\r
2945 <div class="paragraph"><p>Note that a word is parsed as a number only if it is not found in the
\r
2946 wordlist; i.e., the word list may contain definitions for numbers.</p></div>
\r
2947 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
2948 <div class="content">
\r
2949 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
2950 <div class="content">
\r
2951 <div class="title">Definition concept for ]</div>
\r
2952 <div class="paragraph"><p>: ] 1 STATE ! ;</p></div>
\r
2955 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2956 _______________________________________________________
\r
2958 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_roll"></a></p></div>
\r
2960 <div class="sect2">
\r
2961 <h3 id="_word_roll">Word: ROLL</h3>
\r
2962 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2963 <div class="content">
\r
2964 <pre><code>Data stack: ( vu...v1 v0 u -- ...v1 v0 vu )</code></pre>
\r
2966 <div class="paragraph"><p>"ROLL" is a function word that "moves" the u:th data stack cell down
\r
2967 from top onto the data stack while discarding it. 0 indicates the top
\r
2968 cell; 1 indicates the second top cell making it the same as
\r
2969 <a href="#p_swap">SWAP</a>; 2 indicates the third top cell making it the same as
\r
2970 <a href="#p_rot">ROT</a>.</p></div>
\r
2971 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2972 _______________________________________________________
\r
2974 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_rot"></a></p></div>
\r
2976 <div class="sect2">
\r
2977 <h3 id="_word_rot">Word: ROT</h3>
\r
2978 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2979 <div class="content">
\r
2980 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 v3 -- v2 v3 v1 )</code></pre>
\r
2982 <div class="paragraph"><p>"ROT" is a function word that "rotates" the top three data stack cells
\r
2983 such that the third becomes the first while the second becomes third
\r
2984 and the first becomes the second.</p></div>
\r
2985 <div class="paragraph"><p>See also <a href="#p_roll">ROLL</a>.</p></div>
\r
2986 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
2987 _______________________________________________________
\r
2989 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_semicolon"></a></p></div>
\r
2991 <div class="sect2">
\r
2992 <h3 id="_word_18">Word: ;</h3>
\r
2993 <div class="literalblock">
\r
2994 <div class="content">
\r
2995 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- )</code></pre>
\r
2997 <div class="paragraph"><p>";" (semi-colon) is a function word that ends a new forth definition
\r
2998 by means of adding an <a href="#p_exit">EXIT</a></p></div>
\r
2999 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
3000 <div class="content">
\r
3001 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
3002 <div class="content">
\r
3003 <div class="title">Definition concept for ;</div>
\r
3004 <div class="paragraph"><p>: ; IMMEDIATE ' EXIT , ;</p></div>
\r
3007 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3008 _______________________________________________________
\r
3010 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_setup_signals"></a></p></div>
\r
3012 <div class="sect2">
\r
3013 <h3 id="_word_p_setup_signals">Word: [p_setup_signals]</h3>
\r
3014 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3015 <div class="content">
\r
3016 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
3018 <div class="paragraph"><p>"[p_setup_signals]" is a variable word that contains the assembly code
\r
3019 sniippet for setting up the signal handling. rrqforth handles SEGV by
\r
3020 restarting the interpreter loop on <a href="#p_stdin">STDIN</a>.</p></div>
\r
3021 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3022 _______________________________________________________
\r
3024 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_shift_left"></a></p></div>
\r
3026 <div class="sect2">
\r
3027 <h3 id="_word_lt_lt">Word: <<</h3>
\r
3028 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3029 <div class="content">
\r
3030 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 n -- v2 )</code></pre>
\r
3032 <div class="paragraph"><p>"<<" is a function word that shifts value v1 n steps left (i.e.
\r
3033 "moving" bits towards more significant bits) to form value v2.</p></div>
\r
3034 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3035 _______________________________________________________
\r
3037 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_shift_right"></a></p></div>
\r
3039 <div class="sect2">
\r
3040 <h3 id="_word_gt_gt">Word: >></h3>
\r
3041 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3042 <div class="content">
\r
3043 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 n -- v2 )</code></pre>
\r
3045 <div class="paragraph"><p>">>" is a function word that shifts value v1 n steps right (i.e.
\r
3046 "moving" bits towards less significant bits) to form value v2.</p></div>
\r
3047 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3048 _______________________________________________________
\r
3050 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_shift_signed_right"></a></p></div>
\r
3052 <div class="sect2">
\r
3053 <h3 id="_word_s_gt_gt">Word: s>></h3>
\r
3054 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3055 <div class="content">
\r
3056 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 n -- v2 )</code></pre>
\r
3058 <div class="paragraph"><p>"s>>" is a function word that shifts value v1 n steps right (i.e.
\r
3059 "moving" bits towards less significant bits) to form value v2, but
\r
3060 preserving (and copying) the sign bit.</p></div>
\r
3061 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3062 _______________________________________________________
\r
3064 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_sp"></a></p></div>
\r
3066 <div class="sect2">
\r
3067 <h3 id="_word_sp">Word: SP</h3>
\r
3068 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3069 <div class="content">
\r
3070 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- v )</code></pre>
\r
3072 <div class="paragraph"><p>"SP" is a value word pushing a space character onto the data stack.</p></div>
\r
3073 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3074 _______________________________________________________
\r
3076 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_state"></a></p></div>
\r
3078 <div class="sect2">
\r
3079 <h3 id="_word_state">Word: STATE</h3>
\r
3080 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3081 <div class="content">
\r
3082 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
3084 <div class="paragraph"><p>"STATE" is a variable word marking whether the stream evaluator is in
\r
3085 compiling mode (1) or interpreting (0) mode.</p></div>
\r
3086 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3087 _______________________________________________________
\r
3089 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_stdin"></a></p></div>
\r
3091 <div class="sect2">
\r
3092 <h3 id="_word_stdin">Word: STDIN</h3>
\r
3093 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3094 <div class="content">
\r
3095 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- stream )</code></pre>
\r
3097 <div class="paragraph"><p>"STDIN" is a value word referring to the stream buffer for the
\r
3098 standard input file descriptor.</p></div>
\r
3099 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3100 _______________________________________________________
\r
3102 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_stream"></a></p></div>
\r
3104 <div class="sect2">
\r
3105 <h3 id="_word_stream">Word: STREAM</h3>
\r
3106 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3107 <div class="content">
\r
3108 <pre><code>Data stack: ( fd size -- addr ) or ( block -1 -- addr )</code></pre>
\r
3110 <div class="paragraph"><p>"STREAM" is a function word that sets up a buffer for an input file
\r
3111 descriptor or for a memory block (of size+data).</p></div>
\r
3112 <div class="sect3">
\r
3113 <h4 id="_file_descriptor_backed_stream">File descriptor backed STREAM</h4>
\r
3114 <div class="paragraph"><p>A file descriptor backed STREAM gains a buffer of the given size
\r
3115 prefixed by a 32 byte STREAM header of the following layout:</p></div>
\r
3116 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
3117 <div class="content">
\r
3118 <div class="listingblock">
\r
3119 <div class="title">Layout 3: file descriptor stream</div>
\r
3120 <div class="content">
\r
3121 <pre><code> 8 bytes = size of buffer (excluding the 32 byte header)
\r
3122 8 bytes source file descriptor
\r
3123 8 bytes current fill
\r
3124 8 current read position</code></pre>
\r
3128 <div class="sect3">
\r
3129 <h4 id="_memory_block_backed_stream">Memory block backed STREAM</h4>
\r
3130 <div class="paragraph"><p>A memory block stream is only the header (though allocated via
\r
3131 <a href="#p_malloc">MALLOC</a> which reserves a full kernel page) with the
\r
3132 following layout:</p></div>
\r
3133 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
3134 <div class="content">
\r
3135 <div class="listingblock">
\r
3136 <div class="title">Layout 4: memory block stream</div>
\r
3137 <div class="content">
\r
3138 <pre><code> 8 bytes = block address
\r
3139 8 -1 (indicates memory block)
\r
3140 8 size of block (taken from the block's first 8 bytes)
\r
3141 8 current read position</code></pre>
\r
3144 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3145 _______________________________________________________
\r
3147 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_stream_nchars"></a></p></div>
\r
3150 <div class="sect2">
\r
3151 <h3 id="_word_stream_nchars">Word: STREAM-NCHARS</h3>
\r
3152 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3153 <div class="content">
\r
3154 <pre><code>Data stack: ( stream -- n )</code></pre>
\r
3156 <div class="paragraph"><p>"STREAM-NCHARS" is a function word that scans ahead in the stream
\r
3157 buffer for the next non-whitespace character, and returns its position
\r
3158 relative to the end of the buffer. This is done without changing the
\r
3159 stream (or filling it by reading the backing file).</p></div>
\r
3160 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3161 _______________________________________________________
\r
3163 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_strlen"></a></p></div>
\r
3165 <div class="sect2">
\r
3166 <h3 id="_word_strlen">Word: STRLEN</h3>
\r
3167 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3168 <div class="content">
\r
3169 <pre><code>Data stack: ( s -- n )</code></pre>
\r
3171 <div class="paragraph"><p>"STRLEN" is a function words that counts how many bytes there are from
\r
3172 s to the first NUL byte and returns that count, n, not including the
\r
3173 NUL byte.</p></div>
\r
3174 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3175 _______________________________________________________
\r
3177 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_strncmp"></a></p></div>
\r
3179 <div class="sect2">
\r
3180 <h3 id="_word_strncmp">Word: STRNCMP</h3>
\r
3181 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3182 <div class="content">
\r
3183 <pre><code>Data stack: ( s1 s2 n -- v )</code></pre>
\r
3185 <div class="paragraph"><p>"STRNCMP" is a function words that compares up to n characters of
\r
3186 character sequences s1 and s2, and returns the difference of the first
\r
3187 differing characters, as in <code>s2[i] - s1[i]</code>, or 0 if all n characters
\r
3188 are the same.</p></div>
\r
3189 <div class="paragraph"><p>I.e., the value v is less than 0 if string [n:s1] is alpha-numerically
\r
3191 v is greater than 0 if [n:s1] is greater than [n:s2],
\r
3192 and v is 0 if [n:s1] and [n:s2] are equal.</p></div>
\r
3193 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3194 _______________________________________________________
\r
3196 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_strncpy"></a></p></div>
\r
3198 <div class="sect2">
\r
3199 <h3 id="_word_strncpy">Word: STRNCPY</h3>
\r
3200 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3201 <div class="content">
\r
3202 <pre><code>Data stack: ( s1 s2 n -- )</code></pre>
\r
3204 <div class="paragraph"><p>"STRNCPY" is a function words that copies n bytes of byte sequence s1
\r
3206 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3207 _______________________________________________________
\r
3209 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_swap"></a></p></div>
\r
3211 <div class="sect2">
\r
3212 <h3 id="_word_swap">Word: SWAP</h3>
\r
3213 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3214 <div class="content">
\r
3215 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- v2 v1 )</code></pre>
\r
3217 <div class="paragraph"><p>"SWAP" is a function word the swaps the top two data stack cells.</p></div>
\r
3218 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3219 _______________________________________________________
\r
3221 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_system"></a></p></div>
\r
3223 <div class="sect2">
\r
3224 <h3 id="_word_system">Word: SYSTEM</h3>
\r
3225 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3226 <div class="content">
\r
3227 <pre><code>Data value: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
3229 <div class="paragraph"><p>"SYSTEM" is a variable that holds the word list data for the system
\r
3230 calls. This is set up as separate word list from <a href="#p_forth">FORTH</a>
\r
3231 merely as a matter of segregation.</p></div>
\r
3232 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3233 _______________________________________________________
\r
3235 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_tell"></a></p></div>
\r
3237 <div class="sect2">
\r
3238 <h3 id="_word_tell">Word: TELL</h3>
\r
3239 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3240 <div class="content">
\r
3241 <pre><code>Data stack: ( char* n -- )</code></pre>
\r
3243 <div class="paragraph"><p>"TELL" is a function word that prints a string to stdout (file
\r
3244 descriptor 1).</p></div>
\r
3245 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3246 _______________________________________________________
\r
3248 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_terminate0"></a></p></div>
\r
3250 <div class="sect2">
\r
3251 <h3 id="_word_terminate0">Word: TERMINATE0</h3>
\r
3252 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3253 <div class="content">
\r
3254 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- )</code></pre>
\r
3256 <div class="paragraph"><p>"TERMINATE0" is a function word that terminates the program with exit
\r
3258 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3259 _______________________________________________________
\r
3261 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_tfa2cfa"></a></p></div>
\r
3263 <div class="sect2">
\r
3264 <h3 id="_word_tfa_gt_cfa">Word: TFA>CFA</h3>
\r
3265 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3266 <div class="content">
\r
3267 <pre><code>Data stack: ( tfa -- cfa )</code></pre>
\r
3269 <div class="paragraph"><p>"TFA>CFA" is a function word that pushes word cfa of the given tfa.</p></div>
\r
3270 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
3271 <div class="content">
\r
3272 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
3273 <div class="content">
\r
3274 <div class="title">Definition concept for TFA>CFA</div>
\r
3275 <div class="paragraph"><p>: TFA>CFA 8 + @ ;</p></div>
\r
3278 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3279 _______________________________________________________
\r
3281 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_tfa2dfa"></a></p></div>
\r
3283 <div class="sect2">
\r
3284 <h3 id="_word_tfa_gt_dfa">Word: TFA>DFA</h3>
\r
3285 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3286 <div class="content">
\r
3287 <pre><code>Data stack: ( tfa -- dfa )</code></pre>
\r
3289 <div class="paragraph"><p>"TFA>DFA" is a function word that pushes word dfa of the given tfa.</p></div>
\r
3290 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
3291 <div class="content">
\r
3292 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
3293 <div class="content">
\r
3294 <div class="title">Definition concept for TFA>DFA</div>
\r
3295 <div class="paragraph"><p>: TFA>DFA TFA>CFA 8 + ;</p></div>
\r
3298 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3299 _______________________________________________________
\r
3301 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_tfa2flags_get"></a></p></div>
\r
3303 <div class="sect2">
\r
3304 <h3 id="_word_tfa_gt_flags">Word: TFA>FLAGS@</h3>
\r
3305 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3306 <div class="content">
\r
3307 <pre><code>Data stack: ( tfa -- flags )</code></pre>
\r
3309 <div class="paragraph"><p>"TFA>FLAGS@" is a function word that pushes word flags of the given tfa.</p></div>
\r
3310 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
3311 <div class="content">
\r
3312 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
3313 <div class="content">
\r
3314 <div class="title">Defintion concept for TFA>FLAGS@</div>
\r
3315 <div class="paragraph"><p>: TFA>FLAGS@ 16 + @ ;</p></div>
\r
3318 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3319 _______________________________________________________
\r
3321 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_tfa2namez"></a></p></div>
\r
3323 <div class="sect2">
\r
3324 <h3 id="_word_tfa_gt_namez">Word: TFA>NAMEZ</h3>
\r
3325 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3326 <div class="content">
\r
3327 <pre><code>Data stack: ( tfa -- char* )</code></pre>
\r
3329 <div class="paragraph"><p>"TFA>NAMEZ" is a function word that pushes changes a tfa pointer to a
\r
3330 pointer to the word pname’s character sequence, which is zero
\r
3331 terminated as well as preceded by a length cell.</p></div>
\r
3332 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
3333 <div class="content">
\r
3334 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
3335 <div class="content">
\r
3336 <div class="title">Defintion concept for TFA>NAMEZ</div>
\r
3337 <div class="paragraph"><p>: TFA>NAMEZ 32 + ;</p></div>
\r
3340 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3341 _______________________________________________________
\r
3343 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_then"></a></p></div>
\r
3345 <div class="sect2">
\r
3346 <h3 id="_word_then">Word: THEN</h3>
\r
3347 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3348 <div class="content">
\r
3349 <pre><code>Data stack: Compiling: ( a -- )</code></pre>
\r
3351 <div class="paragraph"><p>"THEN" is an immediate function word that is used together with
\r
3352 <a href="#p_if">IF</a> and <a href="#p_else">ELSE</a> to implement structured execution
\r
3353 control. THEN performs the branch resolution for the stacked address
\r
3354 which pinpoints the foot address the branch offset to resolve, so that
\r
3355 at execution time there is an appropriate conditional branch past the
\r
3356 "then-part" or the "else-part" of the "structured statement".</p></div>
\r
3357 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3358 _______________________________________________________
\r
3360 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_this_word"></a></p></div>
\r
3362 <div class="sect2">
\r
3363 <h3 id="_word_this_word">Word: THIS-WORD</h3>
\r
3364 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3365 <div class="content">
\r
3366 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
3368 <div class="paragraph"><p>"THIS-WORD" is a variable word used in
\r
3369 <a href="#p_evaluate_stream:EVALUATE-STREAM">[p_evaluate_stream:EVALUATE-STREAM]</a> as cache for the [n:char*]
\r
3370 values of the successive words being evaluated. This typically points
\r
3371 into the input stream buffer and remain valid until further stream
\r
3372 buffering functions are used.</p></div>
\r
3373 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3374 _______________________________________________________
\r
3376 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_true"></a></p></div>
\r
3378 <div class="sect2">
\r
3379 <h3 id="_word_true">Word: TRUE</h3>
\r
3380 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3381 <div class="content">
\r
3382 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- -1 )</code></pre>
\r
3384 <div class="paragraph"><p>"TRUE" is a value word representing logical true.</p></div>
\r
3385 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3386 _______________________________________________________
\r
3388 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_tuck"></a></p></div>
\r
3390 <div class="sect2">
\r
3391 <h3 id="_word_tuck">Word: TUCK</h3>
\r
3392 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3393 <div class="content">
\r
3394 <pre><code>Data stack ( v1 v2 -- v2 v1 v2 )</code></pre>
\r
3396 <div class="paragraph"><p>"TUCK" is a function word that "inserts" the top cell below the second
\r
3397 cell on the data stack.</p></div>
\r
3398 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
3399 <div class="content">
\r
3400 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
3401 <div class="content">
\r
3402 <div class="title">Definition concept for TUCK</div>
\r
3403 <div class="paragraph"><p>: TUCK SWAP OVER ;</p></div>
\r
3406 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3407 _______________________________________________________
\r
3409 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_unequal"></a></p></div>
\r
3411 <div class="sect2">
\r
3412 <h3 id="_word_19">Word: !=</h3>
\r
3413 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3414 <div class="content">
\r
3415 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- 0/-1 )</code></pre>
\r
3417 <div class="paragraph"><p>"!=" is a function word that replaces a pair of values with -1 of the
\r
3418 values are unequal, and 0 otherwise.</p></div>
\r
3419 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3420 _______________________________________________________
\r
3422 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_unstream"></a></p></div>
\r
3424 <div class="sect2">
\r
3425 <h3 id="_word_unstream">Word: UNSTREAM</h3>
\r
3426 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3427 <div class="content">
\r
3428 <pre><code>Data stack: ( stream* -- )</code></pre>
\r
3430 <div class="paragraph"><p>"UNSTREAM" is a function word that releases the memory allocated for a
\r
3431 stream, and closes the associated file if it’s a file stream.</p></div>
\r
3432 <div class="sect3">
\r
3433 <h4 id="_file_descriptor_backed_stream_2">File descriptor backed stream</h4>
\r
3434 <div class="paragraph"><p>This kind of stream has the stream header as a prefix within the
\r
3435 allocated memory. Thus, stream* is the base address for the memory to
\r
3436 reclaim, and the size of this is determined from the cell at (stream*
\r
3437 + 16) plus the 32 bytes head itself.</p></div>
\r
3439 <div class="sect3">
\r
3440 <h4 id="_memory_block_backed_stream_2">Memory block backed STREAM</h4>
\r
3441 <div class="paragraph"><p>This kind of stream has a separate header which points at the memory
\r
3442 area to reclaim. The cell at stream* is the base address, and the cell
\r
3443 at (stream* + 16) is its size.</p></div>
\r
3444 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3445 _______________________________________________________
\r
3447 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_verboseQ"></a></p></div>
\r
3450 <div class="sect2">
\r
3451 <h3 id="_word_verbose">Word: VERBOSE?</h3>
\r
3452 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3453 <div class="content">
\r
3454 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
3456 <div class="paragraph"><p>"VERBOSE?" is a variable word that is assigned at start up to -1 or 0
\r
3457 signify whether or not the command line arguments includes "-v". When
\r
3458 non-zero (i.e. running rrqforth with "-v") the evaluation loop is more
\r
3459 verbose.</p></div>
\r
3460 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3461 _______________________________________________________
\r
3463 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_within"></a></p></div>
\r
3465 <div class="sect2">
\r
3466 <h3 id="_word_within">Word: WITHIN</h3>
\r
3467 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3468 <div class="content">
\r
3469 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v lo hi -- 0/-1</code></pre>
\r
3471 <div class="paragraph"><p>"WITHIN" is a function word that replaces a triple of values with -1
\r
3472 of the the first, v, is within the value range spanned by the second,
\r
3473 lo, inclusive and third, hi, exclusive.</p></div>
\r
3474 <div class="exampleblock">
\r
3475 <div class="content">
\r
3476 <div class="sidebarblock">
\r
3477 <div class="content">
\r
3478 <div class="title">Definition concept for WITHIN</div>
\r
3479 <div class="paragraph"><p>: WITHIN 2 PICK > ROT ROT ⇐ AND ;</p></div>
\r
3482 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3483 _______________________________________________________
\r
3485 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_words"></a></p></div>
\r
3487 <div class="sect2">
\r
3488 <h3 id="_word_words">Word: WORDS</h3>
\r
3489 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3490 <div class="content">
\r
3491 <pre><code>Data stack: ( wl -- )</code></pre>
\r
3493 <div class="paragraph"><p>"WORDS" is a function word that prints all words of teh given word
\r
3494 list to stdout (file descriptor 1).</p></div>
\r
3495 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3496 _______________________________________________________
\r
3498 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="p_xor"></a></p></div>
\r
3500 <div class="sect2">
\r
3501 <h3 id="_word_xor">Word: XOR</h3>
\r
3502 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3503 <div class="content">
\r
3504 <pre><code>Data stack: ( v1 v2 -- v3 )</code></pre>
\r
3506 <div class="paragraph"><p>"XOR" is a function word that replaces a value pair with their bitwise
\r
3507 exclusion; each bit is 1 if the corresponding bits of the two operands
\r
3508 differ and 0 if not.</p></div>
\r
3509 <div style="text-align:center">
\r
3510 _______________________________________________________
\r
3512 <div class="paragraph"><p><a id="return_stack"></a></p></div>
\r
3514 <div class="sect2">
\r
3515 <h3 id="_word_return_stack">Word: RETURN-STACK</h3>
\r
3516 <div class="literalblock">
\r
3517 <div class="content">
\r
3518 <pre><code>Data stack: ( -- a )</code></pre>
\r
3520 <div class="paragraph"><p>"RETURN-STACK" is a variable word harbouring the return stack.</p></div>
\r
3524 <div class="sect1">
\r
3525 <h2 id="_system_calls">System calls</h2>
\r
3526 <div class="sectionbody">
\r
3527 <div class="paragraph"><p>RRQFORTH includes function wrapping for all "Linux syscalls", which
\r
3528 generally are described in their "man pages. This wrapping takes the
\r
3529 arguments fro the data stack in reverse order, i.e. the first argument
\r
3530 is deepest.</p></div>
\r
3531 <div class="paragraph"><p>Use <code>SYSTEM WORDS</code> to get a list of all (321) available syscalls.</p></div>
\r
3535 <div id="footnotes"><hr /></div>
\r
3537 <div id="footer-text">
\r
3539 2021-06-05 17:42:39 AEST
\r
projects / rrq / rrqforth.git / blob